Three-dimensional radiotherapy planning in the pelvic region of wild animals

Radiotherapy is a medical modality that has been constantly revolutionizing with the offer of three-dimensional computational for treatment planning systems (TPS), providing greater security in the release of the radiation dose in the target volume, improving the therapeutic response and minimizing the radiobiological effects unwanted. The incorporation of modern radiotherapy techniques, along with studies that contribute to the development of radiotherapy protocols in veterinary medicine, may contribute to improve the quality of treatments and survival of animals affected by cancer. A TPS applied in a human radiotherapy clinic was used and the radiometric, clinical and anatomical parameters were adequate for the feasibility of use in veterinary radiotherapy. Tomographic images of the pelvic region of wild animals assisted by the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ/UNESP) were used to perform them. Protocols for the implementation of computational planning in veterinary medicine were verified by analyzing the homogeneity of the radiation dose distribution in the planned treatment volume (PTV) and ensuring the protection of the organs surrounding the PTV. The methodology applied for the use of TPS Eclipse in veterinary radiotherapy planning proved to be feasible, and can present itself as an important tool to improve veterinary oncological therapeutic approaches

The use of metaraminol bitartarate to blockade the hypotension produced by the levomepromazine HCL in dogs

Avaliou-se a possibilidade do uso do bitartarato de metaraminol, visando o bloqueio da hipotensão produzida pelo cloridrato de levomepromazina em cães. Foram empregados 20 cães, machos e fêmeas, adultos, com pesos compreendidos entre 8 e 12 kg. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos iguais (GI e GII). Aos cães do GI foi administrada, por via intravenosa, levomepromazina na dose de 2 mg/kg, seguida, 15 minutos após, de 0,5 ml de solução salina 0,9%. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (T) e avaliação eletrocardiográfica na derivação DII foram observadas antes da aplicação da levomepromazina e após a mesma, em intervalos de 15 minutos durante 60 minutos. Aos cães do GII foi aplicada a mesma metodologia, substituindo-se, porém, a solução salina pelo metaraminol na dose de 0,1 mg/kg, pela via intravenosa. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos à avaliação estatística pelo método de Análise de Perfil. Os resultados mostraram que o metaraminol produziu um aumento da PAS e diminuição da FC, além de promover menor queda da T e melhora dos valores de FR. Não foram observadas alterações na eletrocardiografia que pudessem ser atribuídas aos fármacos empregados. Concluiu-se que o metaraminol é seguro e indicado quando se emprega a levomepromazina, em cães.The aim of this work was evaluate the possibility of the use of the metaraminol bitartarate to blockade the decrease of the blood pressure produced by levomepromazine HCL in dogs. To this 20 crossbreed adult dogs, males and females, with average weight from 8 to 12 kg, were separated in two groups with 10 dogs each (GI and G1I). To the GI was administered, intravenously, 2 mg/kg of levomepromazine. Fifteen minutes after was administered, by the same way, 0.5 ml of saline solution (0.9%). The systolic blood pressure (PA), heart rate (FC), respiratory frequency (FR), body temperature (T) and eletrocardiographic analysis (Dll) was evaluated before and after the administration of the levomepromazine at 15 minutes of intervals, during 60 minutes. To the GII was applied the same method but the saline solution was replaced by the metaraminol at 0.1 mg/kg, administered by the intravenous way. The numeric data was evaluated by the profile analysis as statistic method. The results showed that the metaraminol increase the blood pressure and decrease the heart rate. The respiration and the body temperature were not changed with the use of metaraminol and the drugs administered did not produce eletrocardiographic alterations. The conclusion is that the use of metaraminol is indicated after the use of levomepromazine in dogs

Treatment of Pelvic Stenosis with Heterologous Graft and Subtotal Colectomy in a Cat

Background: The management of malunion of pelvic fracture and its complications may require from conservative to surgical methods, depending on the severity and temporal evolution. Thus, the aim of this present report is to describe the treatments adopted in a cat with severe pelvic stenosis.Case: An approximately 3-year-old neutered male crossbreed cat, weighing 3 kg, was presented due to difficulty in defecation in the previous eight months. According to its tutor, the cat was adopted one year earlier, with a history of pelvic fracture due to a run over, which had been treated conservatively. The tutor also mentioned that since the appearance of dyschezia, the cat had only been treated with enemas, but without success. In abdominal palpation, there was presence of pain and a mass of firm content in descending colon topography. The radiographic examination of the pelvis presented an exuberant bone callus, characterizing an old fracture, a consolidation with change of bone axis in the right ischium, together with megacolon and fecaloma. It was initially decided that a liquid glycerin-based enema would be performed, in conjunction with clinical treatment with administration of cisapride, dimethicone and lactulose. Although the medical treatment initially helped improve the clinical picture, the cat presented fecaloma two months later. Surgical treatment was then performed, in which distraction of the pubic symphysis with use of a heterologous cortical bone graft (canine tibia stored in glycerin 98%) was performed, as the tutor was not favorable to colectomy as the first option. However, after one month of intervention, despite good evolution, the animal again showed signs of dyschezia. At this point the tutor agreed to colectomy, which was subtotal with preservation of the ileocolic valve.Discussion: The initial treatment of the cat in this report, with administration of prokinetic, antifoaming agent and laxative was insufficient, as the cat again developed fecaloma after two months of use of such medications. In general, cats presenting dyschezia, with constipation and megacolon over a period of more than 6 months, may present irreversible lesion due to damage to the smooth muscle of the colon, with presence of hypertrophy and neuromuscular degeneration of the organ. The problem had already been explained to the tutor, who preferred the medical treatment, as until then the cat had only been treated with enemas. Several techniques have been used to promote the widening of the pelvic canal, including the pelvic symphysiotomy and use of spacers. Although the autograft stimulates osteogenesis more rapidly, there is difficulty in obtaining bones of adequate size and strength, one of the reasons why the heterologous bone was used in the present case. Even with adequate widening of the pelvic canal, the lesion’s evolution over time may have predisposed to irreversible damage of the colon in this case. Among existing techniques for resolution of megacolon in cats, coloplasty, partial colectomy, and subtotal colectomy can be cited. The latter technique was undertaken in the present case, in conjunction with ileocolic junction preservation, which has the advantage of a lower incidence of diarrhea. Thus, thesigns of dyschezia had ceased. In conclusion, the combination of procedures adopted for distraction of the pelvic symphysis and subsequent subtotal colectomy allowed adequate recovery of the animal without relapses during a follow-up period of five years. The use of the heterologous graft (canine tibia) for distraction of the pelvic symphysis behaved as a spacer of adequate size and resistance

Avaliação histológica da regeneração óssea do rádio e ulna em cães submetidos ao alongamento com o fixador de Ilizarov

The aim of this study was to evaluate, by microscopic analysis, the quality, the type and orientation of the tissue developed in bone regeneration area, during simultaneous lengthening of radius and ulna using the Ilizarov external fixator. A subperiosteal osteotomy of the distal diaphysis was performed and the bone distraction was performed at rate of 0.5 mm twice a day. A two-ring and four telescopic rod configuration was used and bone distraction started at day six after surgery. Fifteen adult crossbreed dogs weighing from 17 to 30 kg were used. These dogs were divided in five subgroups (A, B, C, D, E.) each containing three animals, which were submitted to euthanasia after the following procedure: A- eight days of distraction, B- 15 days of distraction, C- 22 days of distraction, D- 28 days of distraction and eight days of neutral fixation, E- 28 days of distraction, 60 days of neutral fixation, and 45 days with the external fixator removed. No interference in bone regeneration seemed to occur because of the type and location of the osteotomy, as well as the rate of distraction. Bone repair was efficient and it was predominantly formed by intramembranous ossification, although the presence of cartilage was observed in subgroups B and C.O objetivo do estudo foi analisar histologicamente a qualidade, tipo e orientação dos tecidos formados na área de regeneração óssea produzida durante alongamento simultâneo do rádio e da ulna, com fixador externo de Ilizarov, a partir de osteotomia subperiosteal diafisária distal, com dois incrementos diários de 0,5 mm. A montagem foi composta de dois anéis e quatro hastes telescópicas, sendo a distração óssea iniciada no sexto dia de pós-operatório. Utilizaram-se 15 cães, sem raça definida, adultos, com peso corpóreo entre 17 e 30 kg, divididos por sorteio em subgrupos (A, B, C, D e E) compostos por três animais, que foram submetidos a eutanásia após os seguintes procedimentos: A- oito dias de alongamento, B- 15 dias de alongamento, C- 22 dias de alongamento, D- 28 dias de alongamento e oito dias de fase neutra com o fixador, E- 28 dias de alongamento, 60 dias de fase neutra com fixador e 45 dias sem fixador. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tipo e localização da osteotomia, bem como o ritmo de distração utilizado, não interferiram sobremaneira na regeneração óssea. A reparação óssea foi eficiente, notadamente intramembranosa, contudo nos subgrupos B e C foi observada a presença de cartilagem

EVALUATION OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY USING RADIOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DENSITOMETRY OF PRE AND POSTPUBERTAL BITCHES SUBMITTED TO OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY

The reduction of gonadal steroid hormone secretion is identified as one ofthe  factors responsible for the decrease in bone mass and, consequently, a decrease in bone mineral density. The study aimed to evaluate the bone mineral density by using radiographic optical densitometry of the distal epiphyseal region of the radius and ulna in prepubertal and post pubertal bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Thirtyfour female dogs were divided into two groups of 16 animals, according with age of neutering: G1 - prepubertal bitches submitted to OVH; G2 - postpubertal bitches submitted to OVH. The animals were submitted to the evaluation of bone mineral density at 24 h before the surgical procedure, 24 and 48 weeks after the surgical procedure. No significant differences in bone mineral density were identified in all groups. Ovariohysterectomy in pre and postpubertal bitches did not induce significant variations in bone mineral density of the distal epiphyseal region of the radius and ulna by using radiographic optical densitometry, during 48 weeks of evaluation

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE O FIO DE NAILON E A LINHA DE PESCA (POLIAMIDA) E A SUA APLICABILIDADE COMO FIO CIRÚRGICO

"Linhas de pesca"* em diâmetros de 0,15mm; 0,20mm; 0,25mm; 0,30mm foram divididas em quatro grupos, contendo dez amostras de cada diâmetro: grupo I - controle; grupo II - linhas colocadas em frasco com pastilhas de formalina; grupo III - um ciclo de autoclavagem (30 minutos à 121 C, seguido por 10 minutos de secagem à 37 C em estufa); grupo IV - dois ciclos de autoclavagens. Foram avaliadas quanto: comprimento, calibre, resistência no nó e alongamento. Comparativamente foram examinados fios de náilon cirúrgico nas numerações 0, 1-0, 2-0, 3-0, 4-0 e 5-0 (10 amostras de cada um). Pelos resultados da análise estastística, verificou-se que a esterilização pelo calor úmido exerceu um efeito adverso na resistência da "linha de pesca". Por outro lado não houve diferenças na resistência, calibre e alongamento da "linha de pesca" entre o primeiro e segundo ciclo de autoclavagem. As linhas mantidas em pastilhas de formalina mantiveram na sua maioria suas características originais de resistência, comprimento, diâmetro e alongamento quando comparada ao grupo controle, entretanto, cabe lembrar que o formaldeído é considerado irritante para pele e membrana mucosa. Foi possível concluir que a "linha de pesca" apresenta características semelhantes ao fio cirúrgico, podendo ser mantida em pastilhas de formalina ou esterilizada em autoclave, lembrando que a autoclavagem altera algumas de suas propriedades físicas. Abstract A comparative study has been carried out between fishing lines and nylon thread in regard to their applicability as surgical thread. Four groups of 10 fishing lines in each of the following diameters = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 mm = were subjected to the following treatments: group I, control; group II sterilized with formalin tablets; group III, autoclaved 30 minutes at 121oC; group IV, autoclaved twice 30 minutes at 121oC. The following parameters were then considered: length, caliber, resistance at the knot, and elongation. Ten samples of each surgical 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 nylon threads were used in comparatively similar experiments as the ones carried out with the fishing lines. According to the statistical analyses of the experimental results, it has been found that the sterilization by means of the humid heat exerts an adverse effect on the resistance of the fishing line. However, no differences were found between the effect displayed by two cycles sterilization compared with the fishing lines subjected to only one cycle. The threads maintained in formalin kept the majority of their original properties of resistance, length, diameter and elongation when compared with the control group. It is known, however that formaldehyde is an irritant chemical towards the skin and the mucous membranes. It was possible to conclude: a. fishing lines display characteristics similar to that ones of the nylon surgical thread; b. they can be maintained in formalin solution; c. autoclave sterilization alters some of their physical properties

Emprego de prótese intra-ocular de resina acrílica. Estudo experimental em ratos

Foram eviscerados os globos oculares esquerdos de 32 ratos, linhagem Wistar, divididos em quatro grupos (A, B, C, D) constituídos, cada um, de cinco testemunhas e três controles. Nos animais-testemunha introduziu-se, dentro da capa córneo-escleral, uma esfera de resina acrílica (metilmetacrilato), previamente confeccionada e esterilizada por autoclavagem, ao passo que nos controles a cavidade eviscerada foi mantida sem prótese. Os ratos dos grupos A, B, C e D foram sacrificados respectivamente aos 7, 15, 30 e 90 dias de pós-operatório, quando os conteúdos orbitários esquerdos foram exenterados e preparados para o exame histopatológico. Observou-se que os animais-testemunha tiveram resposta inflamatória do tipo tecido de granulação ao redor da prótese de cavidade, com edema inflamatório da córnea especialmente nos grupos A e B, quando se iniciou a regressão da inflamação aguda. A cavidade orbitária manteve o tamanho em todos os grupos nos animais-testemunha e houve contração significativa nos animais-controle. Com estas observações, foi possível concluir que a esfera de resina acrílica é uma opção, de baixo custo e fácil confecção, para correção de defeito estético causado pela perda do globo ocular.The ocular globe was eviscerated in 32 Wistar rats, divided in four groups (A, B, C, D) of eight animals each. Acrylic resin prosthesis was implanted into the corneoscleral membrane in five animals of each group. The other three did not receive the prosthesis. The methylmetacrylate sphere was manufactured and autoclaved. The animals from A, B, C and D groups were euthanized at 7, 15, 30 and 90 days after surgery, in the same order, and the orbital content was submitted to histopathological examination. A granulomatous inflammatory response surrounded the prosthesis and inflammatory edema in the cornea was observed mainly in the animals of A and B groups. The volume of the anophthalmic cavity was replaced in all animals that received the prosthesis, but not in the animals that did not received it. It was concluded that intraocular prosthesis of acrylic resin is a cosmetic alternative for correction of the defect produced by the lost of the ocular globe

In vivo and in vitro evaluation of an Acetobacter xylinum synthesized microbial cellulose membrane intended for guided tissue repair

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Barrier materials as cellulose membranes are used for guided tissue repair. However, it is essential that the surrounding tissues accept the device. The present study histologically evaluated tissue reaction to a microbial cellulose membrane after subcutaneous implantation in mice. Furthermore, the interaction between mesenchymal stem cells and the biomaterial was studied <it>in vitro </it>to evaluate its ability to act as cellular scaffold for tissue engineering.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty-five Swiss Albino mice were used. A 10 × 10 mm cellulose membrane obtained through biosynthesis using <it>Acetobacter xylinum </it>bacteria was implanted into the lumbar subcutaneous tissue of each mouse. The mice were euthanatized at seven, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days, and the membrane and surrounding tissues were collected and examined by histology.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A mild inflammatory response without foreign body reaction was observed until 30 days post-surgery around the implanted membrane. Polarized microscopy revealed that the membrane remained intact at all evaluation points. Scanning electron microscopy of the cellulose membrane surface showed absence of pores. The <it>in vitro </it>evaluation of the interaction between cells and biomaterial was performed through viability staining analysis of the cells over the biomaterial, which showed that 95% of the mesenchymal stem cells aggregating to the cellulose membrane were alive and that 5% were necrotic. Scanning electron microscopy showed mesenchymal stem cells with normal morphology and attached to the cellulose membrane surface.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The microbial cellulose membrane evaluated was found to be nonresorbable, induced a mild inflammatory response and may prove useful as a scaffold for mesenchymal stem cells.</p

Effects of Whole-Body Vibration in Hematobiochemical and Hemogasometric Parameters in Adult and Elderly Healthy Dogs

Background: Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) consists of mechanical vibration stimuli produced that propagate throughout the body by increasing the gravitational load. The WBV can increase muscle mass in dogs with muscular atrophy. As Whole-body vibration (WBV) can be used as exercise modality with no impact on the joints, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of single session of WBV in hematobiochemical and hemogasometric parameters in adult and elderly healthy dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen clinically healthy, neutered crossbreed male dogs, non-athlete were selected. The dogs were divided into two groups of seven dogs, according to the age group: Group I - adult dogs (GI): age between 12.0 and 84.0 months old; Group II - elderly dogs (GII): age above 84.0 months old. All dogs were submitted to a single session WBV by using a vibrating platform that delivered a vortex wave circulation as mechanical vibration. The WBV protocol used was 30 Hz frequency (3.10 mm peak displacement; 11.16 m/s2 peak acceleration; 0.29 m/s velocity), then 50 Hz (3.98 mm peak displacement; 39.75 m/s2 peak acceleration; 0.62 m/s velocity), and lastly 30 Hz (3.10 mm peak displacement; 11.16 m/s2 peak acceleration; 0.29 m/s velocity) for 5-min between de frequencies. The hematobiochemical and hemagasometric parameters were evaluated at 1-min before the WBV session (1PRE), 1-min after the WBV session (1POST), 120-min (120POST) and 24 hours after the WBV session (24hPOST). The dogs accepted well the vibration stimulus, however, elderly dogs weighting above 30 kg were more likely to sit down with increased frequency from 30 to 50 Hz. No variations of food and water intakes and gastrointestinal changes were observed after the WBV session. Hemoglobin values showed significant decrease (P = 0.0312) between 1PRE and 1POST in elderly dogs. A significant decrease (P = 0.0453) was observed in alanine aminotransferase values between 120POST and 14hPOST in adult dogs. Creatinine values had a statically decrease (P = 0.0173) between 1PRE and 24hPOST in adult dogs. However, these values remained within the reference range for dogs. Discussion: According to the literature, there are no studies related to the effects of WBV in haematobiochemical and hemogasometric parameters in adult and elderly dogs. No deleterious effects regarding to a single session of WBV were observed, however harmful effects were observed in human patients. The elderly dogs with body mass above 30 kg tried to sit during the increased frequency from 30 to 50 Hz, which was associated with the pressure exerted in their paws. No significant differences were observed in erythrogram and leukogram parameters except for hemoglobin values. Significant decline was observed in hemoglobin values in adult Beagle dogs; and were associated with hemolysis. The significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase and creatinine values did not have clinical significance. No significant alterations were identified in hemogasometric parameters but slight increase in pH values was observed in horses subjected to a 60 km run, and was associated to the loss of Cl ions in sweat. The single session of WBV by using a vibrating platform that delivered a vortex wave circulation, at 30 and 50 Hz frequencies for 5 min did not induced significant changes in hematobiochemical and hemogasometric parameters in adults and elderly healthy dogs