The Effect of Land Use Change on Transformation of Relief and Modification of Soils in Undulating Loess Area of East Poland

The change of primary forest areas into arable land involves the transformation of relief and modification of soils. In this study, we hypothesized that relatively flat loess area was largely transformed after the change of land use due to erosion. The modifications in soil pedons and distribution of soil properties were studied after 185 years of arable land use. Structure of pedons and solum depth were measured in 128 and soil texture and soil organic carbon in 39 points. Results showed that soils of noneroded and eroded profiles occupied 14 and 50%, respectively, and depositional soils 36% of the area. As a consequence, the clay, silt, and SOC concentration varied greatly in the plowed layer and subsoil. The reconstructed profiles of eroded soils and depositional soils without the accumulation were used to develop the map of past relief. The average inclination of slopes decreased from 4.3 to 2.2°, and slopes >5° vanished in the present topography. Total erosion was 23.8 Mg ha−1 year−1. From that amount, 88% was deposited within the study area, and 12% was removed outside. The study confirmed the hypothesis of the significant effect of the land use change on relief and soils in loess areas

Ocena wielkości erozji w zlewni dwóch połączonych zagłębień bezodpływowych na Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskim (Wyżyna Lubelska)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the intensity of soil erosion within the catchment of two closed depressions in the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland). The amount of erosion was assessed from the depth of accumulated soil material, and the calculated amount was related to the time of agricul-tural land use. The studies were carried out in the catchment of the area of 0.54 ha. Within the catchment, 75 intact soil cores were taken and analysed to determine the depth of soil horizons and accumulated soil material. Depositional soils were represented by 25 soil cores. The average thickness of the accumulated material was 0.75 m with a maximum of 1.78 m. The results showed that the catchment of two combined closed depressions evolved to the form of a small valley (trough) after 185 years of agricultural use. The volume of soil material accumulated in the catchment, calculated from the thickness of the depositional material in soil profiles collected in a regular grid, was 1797.4 m3, and the volume calculated from the profiles located in transects that crossed the catchment axis was higher by 2%. The average rate of erosion in the catchment of the two combined depressions was 24.3 Mg ha-1Streszczenie. Celem pracy było określenie natężenia erozji gleby w obrębie zlewni dwóch zagłębień bezodpływowych na Płaskowyżu Nałęczowskim (Wyżyna Lubelska). Wielkość erozji została określona na podstawie miąższości zgromadzonego materiału glebowego. W zlewni o łącznej powierz-chni 0,54 ha pobrano i poddano analizie 75 nienaruszonych rdzeni glebowych, w celu określenia miąż-szości poziomów glebowych oraz zakumulowanego materiału. Gleby deluwialne były reprezentowane przez 25 rdzeni. Średnia miąższość materiału zdeponowanego w zlewni wyniosła 0,75 m, a maksymalna 1,78 m. W ciągu 185 lat użytkowania rolniczego zlewnia zagłębień bezodpływowych uległa przekształ-ceniu w formę niecki. Objętość materiału zgromadzonego w zlewni, obliczona z uwzględnieniem miąż-szości materiału depozycyjnego w profilach pobieranych w regularnej siatce, wyniosła 1797,4 m3, a obliczona na podstawie profili zlokalizowanych w transektach, poprowadzonych wzdłuż i w poprzek osi zlewni była większa o 2%. Średnie roczne tempo erozji w zlewni połączonych zagłębień wyniosło 24,3 Mg.ha-1.rok-1

The Effect of Land Use Change on Transformation of Relief and Modification of Soils in Undulating Loess Area of East Poland

The change of primary forest areas into arable land involves the transformation of relief and modification of soils. In this study, we hypothesized that relatively flat loess area was largely transformed after the change of land use due to erosion. The modifications in soil pedons and distribution of soil properties were studied after 185 years of arable land use. Structure of pedons and solum depth were measured in 128 and soil texture and soil organic carbon in 39 points. Results showed that soils of noneroded and eroded profiles occupied 14 and 50%, respectively, and depositional soils 36% of the area. As a consequence, the clay, silt, and SOC concentration varied greatly in the plowed layer and subsoil. The reconstructed profiles of eroded soils and depositional soils without the accumulation were used to develop the map of past relief. The average inclination of slopes decreased from 4.3 to 2.2 ∘ , and slopes >5 ∘ vanished in the present topography. Total erosion was 23.8 Mg ha −1 year −1 . From that amount, 88% was deposited within the study area, and 12% was removed outside. The study confirmed the hypothesis of the significant effect of the land use change on relief and soils in loess areas

Clay-organic complexes in a Polish loess soil

Complexes formed between clay and soil organic matter are important for carbon sequestration and for soil physical quality. Here, we use samples of loessial soil from South-East Poland to explore the phenomenon of complexing in loess. Soil samples were collected from a single catchment 8 years after the introduction of strip tillage and their compositions were characterized by traditional methods. Complexing was characterized in terms of the content of non-complexed clay which was estimated in two ways: firstly, by measurement of the content of readily-dispersible clay (which was assumed to be the non-complexed clay); and secondly, by calculation using algorithms that had been developed and evaluated previously. The calculations were based on the concept that, at carbon saturation, the clay/organic carbon mass ratio is equal to n. The calculations were done with a range of values of n. It was assumed that the correct value of n was that which gave the greatest coefficient of correlation between the measured values of clay dispersion and the predicted values of non-complexed clay. For the loess used, the optimum value was n = 14

Spatio-Temporal Mapping of L-Band Microwave Emission on a Heterogeneous Area with ELBARA III Passive Radiometer

Water resources on Earth become one of the main concerns for society. Therefore, remote sensing methods are still under development in order to improve the picture of the global water cycle. In this context, the microwave bands are the most suitable to study land–water resources. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), satellite mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), is dedicated for studies of the water in soil over land and salinity of oceans. The part of calibration/validation activities in order to improve soil moisture retrieval algorithms over land is done with ground-based passive radiometers. The European Space Agency L-band Microwave Radiometer (ELBARA III) located near the Bubnów wetland in Poland is capable of mapping microwave emissivity at the local scale, due to the azimuthal and vertical movement of the horn antenna. In this paper, we present results of the spatio-temporal mapping of the brightness temperatures on the heterogeneous area of the Bubnów test-site consisting of an area with variable organic matter (OM) content and different type of vegetation. The soil moisture (SM) was retrieved with the L-band microwave emission of the biosphere (L-MEB) model with simplified roughness parametrization (SRP) coupling roughness and optical depth parameters. Estimated soil moisture values were compared with in-situ data from the automatic agrometeorological station. The results show that on the areas with a relatively low OM content (4–6%—cultivated field) there was good agreement between measured and estimated SM values. Further increase in OM content, starting from approximately 6% (meadow wetland), caused an increase in bias, root mean square error (RMSE), and unbiased RMSE (ubRMSE) values and a general drop in correlation coefficient (R). Despite a span of obtained R values, we found that time-averaged estimated SM using the L-MEB SRP approach strongly correlated with OM contents

Effect of Fine Size-Fractionated Sunflower Husk Biochar on Water Retention Properties of Arable Sandy Soil

Biochar application has been reported to improve the physical, chemical, and hydrological properties of soil. However, the information about the size fraction composition of the applied biochar as a factor that may have an impact on the properties of soil-biochar mixtures is often underappreciated. Our research shows how sunflower husk biochar (pyrolyzed at 650 °C) can modify the water retention characteristics of arable sandy soil depending on the biochar dose (up to 9.52 wt.%) and particle size (<50 µm, 50–100 µm, 100–250 µm). For comparison, we used soil samples mixed with biochar passed through 2 mm sieve and an unamended reference. The addition of sieved biochar to the soil caused a 30% increase in the available water content (AWC) in comparing to the soil without biochar. However, the most notable improvement (doubling the reference AWC value from 0.078 m3 m−3 to 0.157 m3 m−3) was observed at the lowest doses of biochar (0.95 and 2.24 wt.%) and for the finest size fractions (below 100 µm). The water retention effects on sandy soil are explained as the interplay between the dose, the size of biochar particles, and the porous properties of biochar fractions