Relações hídricas e fotossíntese como critérios para manejo adequado da irrigação em plantas de limeira 'Tahiti'

Programar práticas de irrigação com base na umidade do solo é um dos métodos mais usuais devido sua praticidade e baixo custo. O efeito do esgotamento da água disponível do solo sobre a evapotranspiração (ETc), transpiração (E), potencial de água na folha ao amanhecer (psiP) e ao meio-dia (psiM), condutância estomática (gs) e assimilação líquida de CO2 (A) em plantas de limeira 'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia) foi avaliado para melhorar o manejo da irrigação, minimizando água e evitando o estresse hídrico. As plantas foram espaçadas de 7 ;´; 4 m e irrigadas por quatro gotejadores com a diminuição da água disponível no solo (AD) provocada pela suspensão da irrigação (40 dias). Para as medidas do potencial da água na folha foi utilizado uma câmara de pressão (psiP e psiM) e para as medidas de trocas gasosas um analisador de gases por infravermelho (A, E e gs). Foi utilizado um lisímetro de pesagem para a determinação da ETc. A umidade e potencial de água no solo (psiS) foram monitoradas por sondas de TDR e tensiômetros, respectivamente, instalados a 0,3, 0,6 e 0,9 m de profundidade. As variáveis meteorológicas foram monitorados por uma estação agrometeorológica automática na área. O limite de AD na qual a ETc começou a diminuir foi de 43%, ao passo que para gs, A, E e Y P foi de 60%. Ainda, o Y P foi mais sensível a AD do que as medidas de psiM podendo ser recomendado como ferramenta para manejo de irrigação. Quando AD estava próximo de 60%, os valores de psiP e psiS eram -0,62 MPa e -48,8 kPa, respectivamente.Irrigation scheduling based on soil moisture status is one of the most useful methods because of its practicality and low cost. The effects of available soil water depletion on evapotranspiration (ETc), transpiration (E), leaf water potential at predawn (psiP) and midday (psiM), stomatal conductance (gs) and net CO2 assimilation (A) in lime 'Tahiti' trees (Citrus latifolia) were evaluated to improve irrigation schedule and minimize water use without causing water stress. The trees were spaced 7 ;´; 4 m and drip-irrigated by four drippers with the available soil water content (AWC) depleted by suspension of irrigation (40 days). Leaf water potential was measured on a pressure chamber (psiP and psiM) and leaf gas exchange was measured by infrared gas analyzer (E, gs and A). Evapotranspiration was determined with the aid of weighing lysimeter. Water soil content and potential (psiS) were monitored with TDR probes and tensiometers, respectively, installed at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 m depths. Meteorological variables were monitored with an automatic weather station in the experimental area. The threshold AWC level for the onset of ETc decline was 43%, and 60% for gs, A, E and Y P. Also, psiP was more sensitive to AWC than psiM, and is therefore a better tool for irrigation. When AWC was around 60%, values of psiP and psis were -0.62 MPa and -48.8 kPa, respectively

Danos causados por estresse salino sobre a fotossíntese de plantas jovens de pinhão-manso

Salinity is a major limiting factor to crop productivity in the world especially in semiarid regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the photosynthetic resistance of Jatropha curcas (L.) young plants subjected to salt stress. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial: two NaCl levels (0 and 100 mmol L-1) and three harvest times: 7 and 14 days of salt exposure and three days of recovery. Leaf Na+ and Cl-concentrations and the K+/Na+ ratios, after seven days of salt exposure, did not reach ionic toxic levels, suggesting that the NaCl-induced osmotic effects prevailed over the ionic ones. Under this condition, the salt stress caused reduction in leaf gas exchange parameters, such as CO2 fixation, stomatal conductance and transpiration. In contrast, salt stress did not change the photochemical efficiency of photossystem II. Conversely, after 14 days of treatment, Na+ and Clions reached very high concentrations, up to toxic levels in leaves. Under such conditions, both leaf gas exchange and photochemistry suffered strong impairment probably caused by ionic toxicity. The recovery treatment for 3d did not significantly decrease the leaf salt concentrations and no improvement was observed in the photosynthetic performance. Physic nut young plants are sensitive to high NaCl-salinity conditions, with high leaf Na+ and Cl- concentrations, low K+/Na+ ratio and great photosynthetic damages due to stomatal and biochemical limitations.A salinidade é um dos principais fatores que limitam a produtividade das culturas no mundo principalmente em regiões semiáridas. Avaliou-se a resistência da fotossíntese de plantas jovens de pinhãomanso (Jatropha curcas L.) submetidas ao estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com tratamentos em fatorial 2 x 3: duas concentrações de NaCl (0 e 100 mmol L-1) e três tempos de avaliação (7 e 14 dias de exposição e três dias de recuperação). As concentrações de Na+ e Cl- e a relação K+/Na+ nas folhas, após sete dias de exposição ao sal, não indicaram níveis tóxicos, sugerindo os efeitos osmóticos induzidos pelo NaCl prevaleceram sobre as causas iônicas. Sob essas condições, o estresse salino causou redução nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas, como fixação de CO2, condutância estomática e transpiração, mas ao contrário, não alterou a eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II. Após 14 dias de tratamento, os íons salinos atingiram concentrações muito elevadas nas folhas, provavelmente atingindo níveis tóxicos. Em tais condições, as trocas gasosas e a atividade fotoquímica sofreram forte redução causada pelo estresse iônico. O tratamento de recuperação não induziu queda intensa nas concentrações dos íons salinos nas folhas e nenhuma melhoria foi observada no desempenho fotossintético. Plantas jovens de pinhão manso são sensíveis a condições de salinidade elevada por NaCl, mostrando altas concentrações de Na+ e Cl-, baixa razão K+/Na+ e danos fotossintéticos intensos causados tanto por limitações estomáticas como por limitações bioquímicas

Influence of edge in the structure of the vegetation of an open Ombrophilous Forest in Alagoas

Understanding the influence of fragmentation on the behavior of forest essential elements in different vegetation formations is fundamental for the definition of conservation strategies. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the influence of the edge environment on the phytosociological structure of a fragment of Open Ombrophylous Forest, in Rio Largo, Alagoas. Five transects of 10.0 x 100.0 m were subdivided into ten 10.0 x 10.0 m plots to collect the data. All tree individuals with Chest Height Circumference ≥ 15 cm were sampled, measured and later identified in the herbarium of the Institute of the Environment of Alagoas. For the analysis, the phytosociological parameters Shannon-Wiener diversity (H'), Pielou equability (J') were calculated after defined the successional classes and dispersion syndromes of the species sampled. The edge effect was analyzed by comparing the richness, diversity, equability and number of individuals in the interior and at the edge of the fragment, using the Venn diagram technique. There were 581 arboreal individuals, of which 434 were identified as belonging to 20 families, 24 genera and 30 morphospecies. Among the raised species, there were higher occurrences of early secondary (46.67%) and late (23.33%), as well as those of zoocoric dispersion (53.33%). The diversity was 2.89 nats/ind., and the Pielou (J') equability was 0.8497. The edge environment did not influence the establishment of species. This may have occurred due to the environmental characteristics of the open ombrophylous forest

TOMATORG: Sistema Orgânico de Produção de Tomates em Santa Catarina

Dentre as hortaliças produzidas no sistema orgânico, o tomateiro é a que apresenta os maiores desafios. Com base nessas dificuldades é que a Epagri de Itajaí criou o Sistema Orgânico de Produção de Tomates em Santa Catarina (TOMATORG). O sistema engloba todas as práticas culturais necessárias para a correta produção de tomate orgânico. As tecnologias preconizadas nesta publicação possibilitam que alguns produtores obtenham produtividades superiores a 80 t ha-1, sendo o dobro do observado comumente por produtores orgânicos no Estado de Santa Catarina.Esta publicação reúne os conhecimentos gerados por 16 anos de pesquisa, com trabalhos de experimentação agrícola dentro da Epagri de Itajaí, pesquisas participativas com tradicionais produtores de tomate orgânico e pela experiência de técnicos da Epagri envolvidos com a cadeia produtiva.A obra é destinada aos técnicos de extensão rural, estudantes de Agronomia e aos produtores que estão ou querem produzir tomate orgânico. Como a publicação aborda práticas culturais aplicáveis a muitas hortaliças, também poderá ser utilizada como guia em cursos e treinamentos realizados pela Epagri sobre a produção orgânica de diferentes cultivos

Ten important questions/issues for ethnobotanical research

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552For at least 30 years researchers have called for a deeper reflection on the paths we desire for ethnobotanical research. Although the discipline of ethnobotany is growing, as measured by the number of publications in the area, there is still work to be done regarding the homogeneity of theoretical and methodological approaches and the implications of ethnobotanical research findings for society as a whole. In this article we present 10 questions/issues that we believe can guide the research and actions of ethnobotanists for the coming years

Intracultural Variation in the Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in an Urban-Rural Community in the Atlantic Forest from Northeastern Brazil

This study assessed the intracultural knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in an urban-rural community in an Atlantic forest fragment in northeastern Brazil. We examined the importance of native and exotic species and the effects of gender and age on that knowledge. We also compared data obtained from different groups of informants (local experts and general community). We conducted 194 interviews between June 2007 and January 2008, using the freelist technique and semistructured forms to collect ethnobotanical data. Information obtained from the community was compared with that from six local experts who participated in a survey in 2003. From a total of 209 ethnospecies, exotic and herbaceous plants presented higher richness. With respect to the number of citations, women and older informants were shown to know a higher number of medicinal plants. Comparing knowledge of local experts with that of the general community, we noted that experts know a similar wealth of plant families and therapeutic indications, but the community knows a greater species richness. These results indicate that local experts may provide useful information for studies that search for a quick diagnosis of the knowledge of a given community

Ten important questions/issues for ethnobotanical research

For at least 30 years researchers have called for a deeper reflection on the paths we desire for ethnobotanical research. Although the discipline of ethnobotany is growing, as measured by the number of publications in the area, there is still work to be done regarding the homogeneity of theoretical and methodological approaches and the implications of ethnobotanical research findings for society as a whole. In this article we present 10 questions/issues that we believe can guide the research and actions of ethnobotanists for the coming years.Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicad

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat