165 research outputs found
Frictional effects on the dynamic responses of gear systems and the diagnostics of tooth breakages
To develop accurate diagnostic techniques, this study examines the dynamic responses of spur gear transmission system with including frictional effects on a tooth mesh process. An 8-degree-of-freedom model is developed to include the effects of supporting bearings, a driving motor and a loading system. Moreover, it takes into account not only the time-varying stiffness, but also the time-varying forces and moments due to the frictional effect. The latter causes additional vibration responses in the direction of the off-line-of-action (OLOA). To show the quantitative effect of the friction, vibration responses are simulated under different friction coefficients. It shows that an increase in friction coefficient value causes a nearly linear increase in the vibration features of diagnostics. However, features from torsional responses and the principal responses in the line-of-action show less changes in the vibration level, whereas the most significant increasing is in the OLOA direction. Furthermore, the spectral peaks at the rotational and sideband frequencies are influenced significantly by small breakage defects, especially when the friction effect is taken into account. In addition, the second and third harmonics of the mesh frequency are more influenced than the first harmonic component for all motions, which can be effective features for both indicating lubrication deterioration and improving conventional diagnostic features
Nuclear dependence of the transverse single-spin asymmetry in the production of charged hadrons at forward rapidity in polarized , Al, and Au collisions at GeV
We report on the nuclear dependence of transverse single-spin asymmetries
(TSSAs) in the production of positively-charged hadrons in polarized
, Al and Au collisions at
GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward
rapidity () over the range of GeV and
. We observed a positive asymmetry for
positively-charged hadrons in \polpp collisions, and a significantly reduced
asymmetry in + collisions. These results reveal a nuclear
dependence of charged hadron in a regime where perturbative techniques
are relevant. These results provide new opportunities to use \polpA collisions
as a tool to investigate the rich phenomena behind TSSAs in hadronic collisions
and to use TSSA as a new handle in studying small-system collisions.Comment: 303 authors from 66 institutions, 9 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. v1 is
version accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. Plain text data
tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX
publications are (or will be) publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Nuclear dependence of the transverse-single-spin asymmetry for forward neutron production in polarized collisions at GeV
During 2015 the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) provided collisions of
transversely polarized protons with Au and Al nuclei for the first time,
enabling the exploration of transverse-single-spin asymmetries with heavy
nuclei. Large single-spin asymmetries in very forward neutron production have
been previously observed in transversely polarized collisions at
RHIC, and the existing theoretical framework that was successful in describing
the single-spin asymmetry in collisions predicts only a moderate
atomic-mass-number () dependence. In contrast, the asymmetries observed at
RHIC in collisions showed a surprisingly strong dependence in
inclusive forward neutron production. The observed asymmetry in Al
collisions is much smaller, while the asymmetry in Au collisions is a
factor of three larger in absolute value and of opposite sign. The interplay of
different neutron production mechanisms is discussed as a possible explanation
of the observed dependence.Comment: 315 authors, 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. v2 is version accepted for
publication in Phys. Rev. Lett. Plain text data tables for the points plotted
in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be)
publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
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