DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY - SURGICAL PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES

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Concepts in Animal Parasitology, Chapter 56: Strongyloidea and Trichostrongyloidea (Superfamilies): Bursate Nematodes

Chapter 56 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on the bursate nematodes in the superfamilies Strongyloidea and Trichostrongyloidea by Larry S. Roberts, John J. Janovy, Jr., Steven Nadler, Valentin Radev, and Scott L. Gardner. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap05

BLOOM+1: Adding Language Support to BLOOM for Zero-Shot Prompting

The BLOOM model is a large publicly available multilingual language model, but its pretraining was limited to 46 languages. To extend the benefits of BLOOM to other languages without incurring prohibitively large costs, it is desirable to adapt BLOOM to new languages not seen during pretraining. In this work, we apply existing language adaptation strategies to BLOOM and benchmark its zero-shot prompting performance on eight new languages in a resource-constrained setting. We find language adaptation to be effective at improving zero-shot performance in new languages. Surprisingly, we find that adapter-based finetuning is more effective than continued pretraining for large models. In addition, we discover that prompting performance is not significantly affected by language specifics, such as the writing system. It is primarily determined by the size of the language adaptation data. We also add new languages to BLOOMZ, which is a multitask finetuned version of BLOOM capable of following task instructions zero-shot. We find including a new language in the multitask fine-tuning mixture to be the most effective method to teach BLOOMZ a new language. We conclude that with sufficient training data language adaptation can generalize well to diverse languages. Our code is available at https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/multilingual-modeling

Gamma discrimination in pillar structured thermal neutron detectors

Solid-state thermal neutron detectors are desired to replace {sup 3}He tube based technology for the detection of special nuclear materials. {sup 3}He tubes have some issues with stability, sensitivity to microphonics and very recently, a shortage of {sup 3}He. There are numerous solid-state approaches being investigated that utilize various architectures and material combinations. By using the combination of high-aspect-ratio silicon PIN pillars, which are 2 {micro}m wide with a 2 {micro}m separation, arranged in a square matrix, and surrounded by {sup 10}B, the neutron converter material, a high efficiency thermal neutron detector is possible. Besides intrinsic neutron detection efficiency, neutron to gamma discrimination is an important figure of merit for unambiguous signal identification. In this work, theoretical calculations and experimental measurements are conducted to determine the effect of structure design of pillar structured thermal neutron detectors including: intrinsic layer thickness, pillar height, substrate doping and incident gamma energy on neutron to gamma discrimination

Novel merwinite/akermanite ceramics: in vitro bioactivity

The ceramics in the system CaO – MgO – SiO2 has recently received a great deal of attention because they exhibit good in vitro bioactivity and have potential use as bone implants. Biphasic calcium-magnesium-silicate ceramics was prepared by a sol-gel method. The dried gel with chemical composition 3CaO.MgO.2SiO2 was thermally treated at 1300°C for 2 h. The structural behavior of the synthesized ceramics was examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Merwinite, as the main crystalline phase, and akermanite, as the minor phase, were identified. The in vitro bioactivity of the synthesized ceramic samples was recorded in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for different times of soaking. The apatite formation on the surface of the immersed samples was detected by FTIR, SEM and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The ion concentrations in the SBF solutions after the in vitro test were evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). On the basis of the results obtained, the ability of the biphasic ceramics to deposit apatite layer was found. The peculiarities of the formation of apatite layer depending on the phase composition were analyzed and discussed

Concepts in Animal Parasitology, Part 4: Nemata, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Pentastomida

Part IV: Nemata, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Pentastomida, chapters 48-59, pages 532-, in Concepts in Animal Parasitology. 2024. Scott L. Gardner and Sue Ann Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States; part IV doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap074 Nemata: Endoparasitic Nematodes Chapter 48: Introduction to Endoparasitic Nematodes (Phylum Nemata) by Scott L. Gardner, pages 533-544 Chapter 49: Trichuroidea and Trichinelloidea (Superfamilies) by María del Rosario Robles and Rocío Callejón Fernández, pages 545-565 Chapter 50: Ascaridoidea (Superfamily): Large Intestinal Nematodes by Larry S. Roberts, John J. Janovy, Jr., Steven Nadler, and Scott L. Gardner, pages 566-581 Chapter 51: Heterakoidea (Superfamily): Cosmopolitan Gut-Dwelling Parasites of Tetrapods by F. Agustín Jiménez-Ruiz, pages 582-592 Chapter 52: Oxyurida (Order): Pinworms by Haylee J. Weaver, pages 593-599 Chapter 53: Spirurida (Order) by Valentin Radev, pages 600-624 Chapter 54: Camallanina (Suborder): Guinea Worm and Related Nematodes by Anindo Choudhury, pages 625-632 Chapter 55: Filarioidea (Superfamily) by Juliana Notarnicola, pages 633-655 Chapter 56: Strongyloidea and Trichostrongyloidea (Superfamilies): Bursate Nematodes by Larry S. Roberts, John J. Janovy, Jr., Steven Nadler, Valentin Radev, and Scott L. Gardner, pages 656-679 Nematomorpha Chapter 57: Nematomorpha (Phylum): Horsehair Worms by Matthew G. Bolek and Ben Hanelt, pages 681-698 Acanthocephala Chapter 58: Acanthocephala (Phylum) by Scott Monks, pages 700-714 Pentastomida Chapter 59: Pentastomida: Endoparasitic Arthropods by Chris T. McAllister, pages 716-73

Creating language resources for under-resourced languages: methodologies, and experiments with Arabic

Language resources are important for those working on computational methods to analyse and study languages. These resources are needed to help advancing the research in fields such as natural language processing, machine learning, information retrieval and text analysis in general. We describe the creation of useful resources for languages that currently lack them, taking resources for Arabic summarisation as a case study. We illustrate three different paradigms for creating language resources, namely: (1) using crowdsourcing to produce a small resource rapidly and relatively cheaply; (2) translating an existing gold-standard dataset, which is relatively easy but potentially of lower quality; and (3) using manual effort with appropriately skilled human participants to create a resource that is more expensive but of high quality. The last of these was used as a test collection for TAC-2011. An evaluation of the resources is also presented

Rethinking summarization and storytelling for modern social multimedia

Traditional summarization initiatives have been focused on specific types of documents such as articles, reviews, videos, image feeds, or tweets, a practice which may result in pigeonholing the summarization task in the context of modern, content-rich multimedia collections. Consequently, much of the research to date has revolved around mostly toy problems in narrow domains and working on single-source media types. We argue that summarization and story generation systems need to re-focus the problem space in order to meet the information needs in the age of user-generated content in different formats and languages. Here we create a framework for flexible multimedia storytelling. Narratives, stories, and summaries carry a set of challenges in big data and dynamic multi-source media that give rise to new research in spatial-temporal representation, viewpoint generation, and explanatio

The Structure of the EU Mediasphere

Background. A trend towards automation of scientific research has recently resulted in what has been termed “data-driven inquiry” in various disciplines, including physics and biology. The automation of many tasks has been identified as a possible future also for the humanities and the social sciences, particularly in those disciplines concerned with the analysis of text, due to the recent availability of millions of books and news articles in digital format. In the social sciences, the analysis of news media is done largely by hand and in a hypothesis-driven fashion: the scholar needs to formulate a very specific assumption about the patterns that might be in the data, and then set out to verify if they are present or not. Methodology/Principal Findings. In this study, we report what we think is the first large scale content-analysis of cross-linguistic text in the social sciences, by using various artificial intelligence techniques. We analyse 1.3 M news articles in 22 languages detecting a clear structure in the choice of stories covered by the various outlets. This is significantly affected by objective national, geographic, economic and cultural relations among outlets and countries, e.g., outlets from countries sharing strong economic ties are more likely to cover the same stories. We also show that the deviation from average content is significantly correlated with membership to the eurozone, as well as with the year of accession to the EU. Conclusions/Significance. While independently making a multitude of small editorial decisions, the leading media of the 27 EU countries, over a period of six months, shaped the contents of the EU mediasphere in a way that reflects its deep geographic, economic and cultural relations. Detecting these subtle signals in a statistically rigorous way would be out of the reach of traditional methods. This analysis demonstrates the power of the available methods for significant automation of media content analysis