Diagnose und Graduierung zervikaler intraepithelialer Neoplasien

Zusammenfassung: Diagnose und Graduierung von zervikalen intraepithelialen Neoplasien (CIN) gehören zu den häufigen Fragestellungen in der histopathologischen Diagnostik. Trotzdem kann die Unterscheidung zwischen reaktiven Veränderungen und CIN1 bzw. die Graduierung einer CIN Schwierigkeiten bereiten. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Bestimmung der Proliferationsmarker Ki-67 und Mcm2 sowie von p16 zur Beantwortung dieser Fragestellungen beitragen. Untersucht wurden die immunhistochemischen Expressionsprofile dieser Marker an 297Proben aus dysplasiefreiem Portioepithel, CIN1, CIN2 und CIN3 mittels Gewebemikroarrays. Die mittels Ki-67 bzw. Mcm2 ermittelte Proliferationsrate zeigte eine Zunahme von dysplasiefreiem Epithel über CIN1, CIN2 zu CIN3 (p<0.001 bei beiden Markern). Mittels Ki-67 ließ sich am besten zwischen dysplasiefreiem Epithel und CIN1 unterscheiden. Zur Abgrenzung von CIN1 zu CIN2 bot sich eine Kombination von Ki-67 und p16 an. Bei einer Ki-67-Expression von<25% handelte es sich um eine CIN1 mit einer Sensitivität von 91,7% und einer Spezifität von 54,3%. Die zusätzliche Untersuchung der Expression von p16 konnte einen weiteren Teil der Fälle mit einer Ki-67-Expression von<25% stratifizieren. Die Anzahl p16-positiver Fälle betrug bei normalen Epithelien 0%, bei CIN1 7%, bei CIN2 46% und bei CIN3 86%. Somit war mittels p16 eine Abgrenzung der CIN2 zur CIN3 nur zum Teil möglich. Die histopathologische Evaluation am HE-Schnitt bleibt Grundlage der Beurteilung von zervikalen intraepithelialen Neoplasien, jedoch kann die Analyse von Ki-67 und p16 zur Diagnose und Graduierung beitrage

Reaction of the Ambident Electrophile Dimethyl Carbonate with the Ambident Nucleophile Phenylhydrazine

To explore the ambident electrophilic reactivity of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), reactions with the ambident nucleophile phenylhydrazine were investigated. When a Brönsted base was used, selective carboxymethylation occurred at N-1, after that several other compounds were produced selectively utilizing various conditions. Formation of these compounds was explained by using the Hard−Soft Acid−Base (HSAB) theory. Catalysis by some metal salts altered the reactivity of phenylhydrazine, which effected selective carboxymethylation at N-2 of phenylhydrazine instead

Synthesis of dialkyl ethers by decarboxylation of dialkyl carbonates

The decarboxylation reaction of dialkyl carbonates to give their related ethers was investigated. The reaction was carried out at atmospheric pressure and in the presence of hydrotalcite or basic alumina as catalysts without any solvent. The influence of several reaction parameters on the selectivity was studied (e.g. temperature, amount of catalyst, substrate concentration, solvent). The stability of the catalyst was also investigated. The experimental data for the decarboxylation confirmed that this reaction is complicated by competitive processes, such as dismutation and, in one case, pyrolysis. The results obtained show that in the presence of hydrotalcite as a catalyst, symmetrical dialkyl ethers can be synthesised with yields up to 80%. Dissymmetrical ethers (i.e. methyl alkyl ethers) can be produced with yields up to 80% at high temperature (250 ◦C). The catalyst proved to be fully recyclable in all cases studied, except for the carbonate containing n-octyl moiety

Training convolutional neural networks to score pneumonia in slaughtered pigs

The slaughterhouse can act as a valid checkpoint to estimate the prevalence and the economic impact of diseases in farm animals. At present, scoring lesions is a challenging and time‐consuming activity, which is carried out by veterinarians serving the slaughter chain. Over recent years, artificial intelligence(AI) has gained traction in many fields of research, including livestock production. In particular, AI‐based methods appear able to solve highly repetitive tasks and to consistently analyze large amounts of data, such as those collected by veterinarians during postmortem inspection in high‐throughput slaughterhouses. The present study aims to develop an AI‐based method capable of recognizing and quantifying enzootic pneumonia‐like lesions on digital images captured from slaughtered pigs under routine abattoir conditions. Overall, the data indicate that the AI‐based method proposed herein could properly identify and score enzootic pneumonia‐like lesions without interfering with the slaughter chain routine. According to European legislation, the application of such a method avoids the handling of carcasses and organs, decreasing the risk of microbial contamination, and could provide further alternatives in the field of food hygiene

Office bladder distention with Electromotive Drug Administration (EMDA) is equivalent to distention under General Anesthesia (GA)

BACKGROUND: Bladder distention is commonly used in diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis (IC). Traditionally performed in the operating room under general or spinal anesthesia (GA), it is expensive and associated with short term morbidity. Office bladder distention using electromotive drug administration (EMDA) has been suggested as an alternative that is well tolerated by patients. We report the first comparative findings of patients undergoing both office distention with EMDA and distention in the operating room (OR) with GA. METHODS: This retrospective chart review identified 11 patients participating in two protocols of EMDA bladder distention who also underwent bladder distention under GA either prior to or after the EMDA procedure. RESULTS: The median absolute difference in bladder capacity between GA and EMDA was only 25 cc; the median percent difference was 5%. Cystoscopic findings, while not prospectively compiled, appear to have been similar. CONCLUSION: This study represents the first comparison between distention with EMDA versus GA and confirms the technical feasibility of performing bladder distention in an office setting. The distention capacity achieved in the office was nearly identical to that in the OR and the cystoscopic findings very similar. Further investigation into the comparative morbidity, cost, and other outcome measures is warranted to define the ultimate role of EMDA bladder distention in the clinical evaluation and care of patients with IC

Reaction of dialkyl carbonates with alcohols:Defining a scale of the best leaving and entering groups

A series of dialkyl and methyl alkyl carbonates has been synthesized and their reactivity investigated. The behavior of preferential leaving and entering groups for the newly synthesized carbonates has been accurately investigated. Both experimental and computational studies agreed that the scale of leaving groups follows the trend: PhCH2O–, MeO– ≥ EtO–, CH3(CH2)2O–, CH3(CH2)7O– > (CH3)2CHO– > (CH3)3CO–. Accordingly, the scale of the entering group has the same trend, with t-butoxide being the worst entering group. A preliminary attempt to rationalize the nucleofugality trends, limited to the (CH3)3CO– and CH3O– groups, has indicated that a likely origin of the observed trends lies in the different entropic contributions and solvation effects

Ovine multiparity is associated with diminished vaginal muscularis, increased elastic fibres and vaginal wall weakness: implication for pelvic organ prolapse

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a major clinical burden affecting 25% of women, with vaginal delivery a major contributing factor. We hypothesised that increasing parity weakens the vagina by altering the extracellular matrix proteins and smooth muscle thereby leading to POP vulnerability. We used a modified POP-quantification (POP-Q) system and a novel pressure sensor to measure vaginal wall weakness in nulliparous, primiparous and multiparous ewes. These measurements were correlated with histological, biochemical and biomechanical properties of the ovine vagina. Primiparous and multiparous ewes had greater displacement of vaginal tissue compared to nulliparous at points Aa, Ap and Ba and lower pressure sensor measurements at points equivalent to Ap and Ba. Vaginal wall muscularis of multiparous ewes was thinner than nulliparous and had greater elastic fibre content. Collagen content was lower in primiparous than nulliparous ewes, but collagen organisation did not differ. Biomechanically, multiparous vaginal tissue was weaker and less stiff than nulliparous. Parity had a significant impact on the structure and function of the ovine vaginal wall, as the multiparous vaginal wall was weaker and had a thinner muscularis than nulliparous ewes. This correlated with “POP-Q” and pressure sensor measurements showing greater tissue laxity in multiparous compared to nulliparous ewes

Nominalphrasen in literarischen Texten : Strukturtypen und Funktionen beim Figurenentwurf in Werken des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts

Nominalphrasen und ihre Teile tragen wesentlich dazu bei, Wissen über literarische Figuren einzuführen und eingeführtes figurenbezogenes Wissen an relevanten Stellen zu aktualisieren. Das vorliegende Buch bewegt sich an der Schnittstelle von Grammatik und Textlinguistik: Anhand von ausgewählten Werken des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts wird systematisch und detailliert dargestellt, welche Strukturtypen von Nominalphrasen eingesetzt werden, um bei der Figureneinführung bzw. beim Weiterreden über literarische Figuren bestimmte Dimensionen der Figurencharakterisierung anzusprechen. In einer Fallstudie wird darüber hinaus nach der Dynamik des Wissensaufbaus im Textstrom gefragt