Growth of the Eucalyptus urograndis, Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum, Tectona grandis and Ochroma pyramidale on integration crop-livestock-forest systems in the Amazon Biome.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth in diameter and height eucalyptus (hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis), paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum), teak (Tectona grandis) and balsa tree (Ochroma pyramidale), seeking to supply information about the use of these species in crop-livestock-forest integration (ICLF) systems

Integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta em Nova Canaã do Norte-Mato Grosso: primeiros resultados.

Este trabalho apresenta os primeiros resultados da implantação de uma Unidade de Referência Tecnológica (URT) de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) no município de Nova Canaã do Norte - Extremo Norte do Estado de Mato Grosso. Avaliou-se a produtividade das culturas do arroz, da soja e o desenvolvimento inicial de quatro espécies florestais em diferentes arranjos de implantação, todos consorciados simultaneamente com faixas de lavoura.FertBio 2010

Geostatistics applied to the study of soil physiochemical characteristics in seasonal deciduous forest areas

Utilizaram-se m\ue9todos da geoestat\uedstica na identifica\ue7\ue3o do tamanho e da estrutura da variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos f\uedsico-qu\uedmicos do solo em \ue1reas de Floresta Estacional Decidual as quais foram denominadas floresta madura, floresta secund\ue1ria e capoeir\ue3o. As \ue1reas, localizadas no munic\uedpio de Santa Tereza, RS, foram amostradas durante o per\uedodo de 2002 a 2003, compreendendo as classes de solo: Chernossolo Argil\ufavico, Cambissolo Ta e Neossolo Lit\uf3lico. Realizou-se amostragem sistem\ue1tica com grid de espa\ue7amento regular entre os pontos variando de 30 m para o capoeir\ue3o e 40 m para floresta madura e secund\ue1ria, totalizando oitenta pontos amostrais em uma \ue1rea total de 7,34 ha. Foram coletadas amostras de solo \u201cin situ\u201d para an\ue1lise em laborat\uf3rio dos atributos densidade do solo, argila, pH, pot\ue1ssio, mat\ue9ria org\ue2nica e f\uf3sforo. A estrutura da variabilidade espacial foi identificada por meio dos semivariogramas, definindo-se os par\ue2metros necess\ue1rios para a krigagem. O atributo mais vari\ue1vel foi a mat\ue9ria org\ue2nica, n\ue3o obtendo ajuste a nenhum modelo te\uf3rico de semivariograma, enquanto que o pH foi o menor. Na an\ue1lise de estrutura da variabilidade espacial por meio da geoestat\uedstica, a argila e densidade, ambas em \ue1rea de floresta secund\ue1ria, e o pH nas \ue1reas experimentais apresentaram a maior depend\ueancia espacial. O modelo gaussiano para o atributo argila obteve o maior alcance da depend\ueancia espacial, sendo 400 e 388 m, nas \ue1reas de floresta secund\ue1ria e madura respectivamente. A valida\ue7\ue3o cruzada mostrou acuracidade no ajuste dos modelos variogr\ue1ficos, tendo a vari\ue1vel pH apresentado o melhor desempenho, 0,87; 0,94 e 0,92 nas \ue1reas de floresta madura, secund\ue1ria e capoeir\ue3o respectivamente.Methods of geostatistics were used in the identification of size and structure of space variability of some physiochemical attributes of soils under seasonal deciduous forest areas, which were called mature forest, secondary forest and "capoeir\ue3o". The areas, located in Santa Tereza, RS, were sampled during the period of 2002 and 2003, comprising the soil classes: Argiluvic Chernosol, Cambisol Ta and Litholic Neosol. Systematic sampling was performed with regular spacing grid of points varying of 30 m for "capoeir\ue3o" and 40 m for mature and secondary forest, in an amount of 80 sample points in a total area of 7.34 ha. For each point, measurements "in situ" were made of the soil bulk density, clay content, pH, potassium, organic matter and phosphorus. The structure of space variability was identified through the variograms, being defined the needed parameters for the Kriging. The most variable attribute was the organic matter, being not adjusted to any model of variogram, while the pH was the least. In the analysis of the space variability structure through the geostatistics, the clay and bulk density, both in area of secondary forest, and pH in the experimental areas, had showed the biggest space dependence. The Gauss model for the clay attribute obtained the largest reach (a), being 400 m and 388 m in the areas of secondary and mature forest, respectively. The crossed validation showed accuracy in the variographic models adjustment, being the pH variable the one which presented the optimum performance, 0.87; 0.94 and 0.92 in the areas of mature forest, secondary forest and "capoeir\ue3o", respectively

Geoestatística aplicada ao estudo das características físico-químicas do solo em áreas de Floresta Estacional Decidual

Methods of geostatistics were used in the identification of size and structure of space variability of some physiochemical attributes of soils under seasonal deciduous forest areas, which were called mature forest, secondary forest and “capoeirão”. The areas, located in Santa Tereza, RS, were sampled during the period of 2002 and 2003, comprising the soil classes: Argiluvic Chernosol, Cambisol Ta and Litholic Neosol. Systematic sampling was performed with regular spacing grid of points varying of 30 m for “capoeirão” and 40 m for mature and secondary forest, in an amount of 80 sample points in a total area of 7.34 ha. For each point, measurements "in situ" were made of the soil bulk density, clay content, pH, potassium, organic matter and phosphorus. The structure of space variability was identified through the variograms, being defined the needed parameters for the Kriging. The most variable attribute was the organic matter, being not adjusted to any model of variogram, while the pH was the least. In the analysis of the space variability structure through the geostatistics, the clay and bulk density, both in area of secondary forest, and pH in the experimental areas, had showed the biggest space dependence. The Gauss model for the clay attribute obtained the largest reach (a), being 400 m and 388 m in the areas of secondary and mature forest, respectively. The crossed validation showed accuracy in the variographic models adjustment, being the pH variable the one which presented the optimum performance, 0.87; 0.94 and 0.92 in the areas of mature forest, secondary forest and “capoeirão”, respectively.Utilizaram-se métodos da geoestatística na identificação do tamanho e da estrutura da variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos físico-químicos do solo em áreas de Floresta Estacional Decidual as quais foram denominadas floresta madura, floresta secundária e capoeirão. As áreas, localizadas no município de Santa Tereza, RS, foram amostradas durante o período de 2002 a 2003, compreendendo as classes de solo: Chernossolo Argilúvico, Cambissolo Ta e Neossolo Litólico. Realizou-se amostragem sistemática com grid de espaçamento regular entre os pontos variando de 30 m para o capoeirão e 40 m para floresta madura e secundária, totalizando oitenta pontos amostrais em uma área total de 7,34 ha. Foram coletadas amostras de solo "in situ" para análise em laboratório dos atributos densidade do solo, argila, pH, potássio, matéria orgânica e fósforo. A estrutura da variabilidade espacial foi identificada por meio dos semivariogramas, definindo-se os parâmetros necessários para a krigagem. O atributo mais variável foi a matéria orgânica, não obtendo ajuste a nenhum modelo teórico de semivariograma, enquanto que o pH foi o menor. Na análise de estrutura da variabilidade espacial por meio da geoestatística, a argila e densidade, ambas em área de floresta secundária, e o pH nas áreas experimentais apresentaram a maior dependência espacial. O modelo gaussiano para o atributo argila obteve o maior alcance da dependência espacial, sendo 400 e 388 m, nas áreas de floresta secundária e madura respectivamente. A validação cruzada mostrou acuracidade no ajuste dos modelos variográficos, tendo a variável pH apresentado o melhor desempenho, 0,87; 0,94 e 0,92 nas áreas de floresta madura, secundária e capoeirão respectivamente

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets