El mismo fogón: migración y trabajo reproductivo femenino en comunidades mazahuas

En este estudio presentamos los resultados de una investigación sobre el trabajo doméstico o reproductivo y las relaciones de género en la región indígena mazahua del Estado de México, en el contexto de migración nacional e internacional. En los tres poblados estudiados, encontramos un proceso de refuncionalización de la dominación androcéntrica tradicional: las madres de familia tienen más responsabilidades en ausencia de sus cónyuges, pero no siempre más autonomía. La experiencia migratoria de jóvenes mujeres ha traído pocos cambios significativos cuando ellas se reincorporan a las comunidades. En suma, las actividades cotidianas tanto de las mujeres que emigran y se reintegran como las que se quedan rebasan con creces las fronteras del trabajo reproductivo tradicionalmente definido. Muchas de estas actividades son consideradas para la producción social, pero al pasar al dominio femenino, pierden su valor y se asumen como nuevas tareas reproductivas

Línguas Arawak da Bolívia

Este artigo é um capítulo resumido e extraído de nossa Enciclopédia das Línguas Arawak - acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados (no prelo). Trata do subgrupo Bolívia (mojeño, baure, pauna, tereno) da família arawak. Nenhum ramo da família arawak apresenta tanta coesão como o subgrupo Bolívia: seu léxico, sua gramática, com um inusitado suprafixo A “não-factual”, e duas complexas cadeias de mudanças vocálicas (*i > *i  > *e  > *a  ; *a  >  *ʊ / *o  >  i / i / u) evidenciam uma unidade diagnóstica entre suas línguas. Fornecemos dados detalhados sobre a história e a destruição dialetal dessas quatro línguas (séculos XVI-XVIII), assim como um resumo de suas estruturas fonológicas e gramaticais, antes de propor uma reconstrução do proto-Bolívia e um supergrupo Bolívia-Purus-Kampa-Amuesha (bpka) dentro das línguas arawak. Este estudo termina com uma lista de mais de 500 jogos de cognatos para o subgrupo Bolívia. Desde Payne (1991), os estudos comparativos arawak do subgrupo Bolívia são extremamente caóticos e, de uma certa forma, regrediram. Além disso, uma análise abrangente do paikone, magíana e apolista nos leva a alguns materiais lexicais falsificados que obrigam a rever o estatuto dessas línguas

Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro

Neste estudo, realizamos uma análise aprofundada de línguas extintas localizadas no Leste do Brasil (de São Paulo a Salvador). Tradicionalmente, agrupa-se o koropó com o puri (coroado) e ambos na superfamília macro-jê. Inicialmente, refutamos qualquer afinidade entre as línguas koropó e puri e, subsequentemente, apresentamos razões para excluir o puri-coroado das línguas macro-jê. Prosseguindo em direção ao norte, examinamos detalhadamente a família maxakali, propomos uma classificação provisória de suas línguas afiliadas e comparamos pormenorizadamente essa família com línguas do seu entorno geográfico (kamakã, jê e krenak). Desse estudo, podemos concluir que o maxakali mantém estreita relação com o kamakã, sugerindo-nos a existência de um vínculo genético entre esses dois grupos linguísticos. Contudo, não podemos propor relação genética semelhante para todas as quatro famílias (maxakali, kamakã, jê, krenak) visto que seus falantes viviam numa área onde houve um longo período de contatos interétnicos que poderia ter favorecido o compartilhamento de grande número de empréstimos linguísticos entre esses idiomas

O warázu do Guaporé (tupi-guarani): Primeira descrição linguística

O warázu (também conhecido como pauserna ou guarasugwe) é uma língua tupi-guarani falada na fronteira entre o Brasil e a Bolívia. Esta primeira descrição linguística é o resultado de um estudo de sete semanas que realizamos no alto rio Guaporé com os últimos falantes dessa língua. Inclui notas históricas, uma fonologia comparativa, uma morfologia e um dicionário warázu-português-inglê

Finding the origin of domestication of cupuaçu requires more than genomics

Colli-Silva et al.1 recently proposed that cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) was domesticated in northwestern Amazonia as a selection from its sister species, cupuí (T. subincanum). This proposal ignores long-term research in taxonomy, botany, biogeography, and genetics about Theobroma, including cupuaçu. Our review of the research that was ignored and of Colli-Silva et al.’s results demonstrates that cupuaçu is a valid species, as they now agree2, but cupuí may be paraphyletic, the distribution of wild cupuaçu was not included in their samples so the origin of domestication continues unknown, precolonial archaeology lacks remains that can be attributed to either species, historical linguistics indicates that the term cupuaçu references the species’ wild distribution and is a recent introduction in northwestern Amazonia, history suggests that cupuaçu started to be domesticated during the last 100-200 years, and the genomics results are not about the domestication of cupuaçu because it is a valid species and its wild distribution was not sampled

The Brazilian Tunable Filter Imager for the SOAR telescope

This paper presents a new Tunable Filter Instrument for the SOAR telescope. The Brazilian Tunable Filter Imager (BTFI) is a versatile, new technology, tunable optical imager to be used in seeing-limited mode and at higher spatial fidelity using the SAM Ground-Layer Adaptive Optics facility at the SOAR telescope. The instrument opens important new science capabilities for the SOAR community, from studies of the centers of nearby galaxies and the insterstellar medium to statistical cosmological investigations. The BTFI takes advantage of three new technologies. The imaging Bragg Tunable Filter concept utilizes Volume Phase Holographic Gratings in a double-pass configuration, as a tunable filter, while a new Fabry-Perot (FP) concept involves technologies which allow a single FP etalon to act over a large range of interference orders and spectral resolutions. Both technologies will be in the same instrument. Spectral resolutions spanning the range between 25 and 30,000 can be achieved through the use of iBTF at low resolution and scanning FPs beyond R ~2,000. The third new technologies in BTFI is the use of EMCCDs for rapid and cyclically wavelength scanning thus mitigating the damaging effect of atmospheric variability through data acquisition. An additional important feature of the instrument is that it has two optical channels which allow for the simultaneous recording of the narrow-band, filtered image with the remaining (complementary) broad-band light. This avoids the uncertainties inherent in tunable filter imaging using a single detector. The system was designed to supply tunable filter imaging with a field-of-view of 3 arcmin on a side, sampled at 0.12" for direct Nasmyth seeing-limited area spectroscopy and for SAM's visitor instrument port for GLAO-fed area spectroscopy. The instrument has seen first light, as a SOAR visitor instrument. It is now in comissioning phase.Comment: accepted in PAS

VLTI status update: a decade of operations and beyond

We present the latest update of the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope interferometer (VLTI). The operations of VLTI have greatly improved in the past years: reduction of the execution time; better offering of telescopes configurations; improvements on AMBER limiting magnitudes; study of polarization effects and control for single mode fibres; fringe tracking real time data, etc. We present some of these improvements and also quantify the operational improvements using a performance metric. We take the opportunity of the first decade of operations to reflect on the VLTI community which is analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Finally, we present briefly the preparatory work for the arrival of the second generation instruments GRAVITY and MATISSE.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, Proceedings of the SPIE, 9146-1

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN