Contamination of waters related to abandoned W-Sn mines (Murçós, NE Portugal)

Contamination of waters related to abandoned W-Sn mines (Murçós, NE Portugal

Geoquímica dos minerais dos filões W>Sn e das águas das antigas minas de Murções (NE de Portugal)

Na região mineira de Murçós, a exploração de scheelite e cassiterite em filões hidrotermais de quartzo com W>Sn ocorreu em quatro cortas a céu aberto e em galerais subterrâneas, entre 1948 e 1976. Como resultado da exploração mineira formaram-se três lagoas confinadas e permanentes, nas quais foram aplicadas técnicas de fitoremediação com macrófitas, entre 2005 e 2007. Os filões W>Sn de Murçós contêm essencialmente quartzo, moscovite, turmalina, scheelite, cassiterite, volframite, pirrotite, arsenopirite, pirite, esfalerite, calcopirite, galena, bismuto nativo, rara pirrotite e estanite, para além de minerais tardios como bismutinite, joseite, matildite, anglesite, zavaritskite, escorodite e roosveltite. A área mineira abandonada localiza-se próximo de zonas rurais, sendo as águas utilizadas na agricultura e algumas para consumo humano. As águas das lagoas de mina são ácidas, com elevados valores de condutividade eléctrica e de SO42-, Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Zn, Sr, Ni e Co. Contudo, a maioria das águas da área apresentam baixos teores de metais, sendo classificadas como cálcio-sulfatadas e de tipo misto. Estas águas não devem ser usadas para consumo humano nem para a agricultura devido aos teores elevados de As, Fe, Mn, Al, Cd, Ni e SO42-

Human Metabolism Of Polyphenols From Extra Virgin Olive Oil

It is well established that food is not considered to be mere nutritional components for maintaining human life. There are a broad number of studies reporting that many foods may provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition. Within this context, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has been related to the prevention of some types of cancers and the reduced risk of coronary heart diseases. This is mainly due to its high concentration of a broad variety of phenolic compounds, such as phenyl ethyl alcohols (tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol), phenolic acids (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid), flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), secoiridoids (oleuropein and ligstroside aglycons) and lignans [(+)-pinoresinol, (+)-acetoxypinoresinol)]. In the human organism these polyphenols are metabolized and form different compounds. Thus the study of their properties is highly important with regards to understanding their functionality. The aglycones can be absorbed from the mall intestine; however, most polyphenols are in the form of esters, glycosides, or polymers that cannot be absorbed in their native form. Thus, these compounds must be hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes or by colonic microflora in order to be absorbed. During the course of absorption, polyphenols are conjugated in the small intestine and later in the liver, through methylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation reactions. In the blood, polyphenols are conjugated derivatives bound to albumin. They penetrate into tissues where they are metabolized and then eliminated in urine and bile. For example, hydroxytyrosol shows strong antioxidant activity. In spite of this compound's great absorption capacity in the human body, its bioavailability is low. It is reported in the literature that the oleuropeins are not absorbed in the small intestine, but instead, quickly degradated in the large intestine to yield hydroxytyrosol. © 2012 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.249258Bai, C., Yan, X., Takenga, M., Sekiya, K., Nagata, T., Determination of synthetic hydroxytyrosol in rat plasma by CG-MS (1998) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46, pp. 3998-4001Bendini, A., Cerretani, L., Carrasco-Pancorbo, A., Gómez-Caravaca, A.M., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A., Lercker, G., Phenolic Molecules in Virgin Olive Oils: a Survey of Their Sensory Properties, Health Effects, Antioxidant Activity and Analytical Methods. An Overview of the Last Decade (2007) Molecules, 12, pp. 1679-1719Bermúdez, B., Pacheco, Y.M., López, S., Abia, R., Muriana, F.J.G., Digestion and absorption of olive oil (2004) Grasas y Aceites, 55, pp. 1-10Bisignano, G., Tomaino, A., Lo Cascio, R., Crisafi, G., Uccella, N., Saija, A., On the in-vitro antiomicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol (1999) The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 31, pp. 971-974Boskou, D., Olive oil (2000) World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 87, pp. 56-77Corona, G., Tzounis, X., Assunta-Dessa, M., Deiana, M., Debnam, E.S., Visioli, F., The fate of olive oil polyphenols in the gastrointestinal tract: implications of gastric and colonic microflora-dependent biotransformation (2006) Free Radical Research, 40, pp. 647-658D'Angelo, S., Manna, C., Migliardi, V., Mazzoni, O., Morrica, P., Capasso, G., Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil (2001) Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 11, pp. 1492-1498Goldstein, D.S., Swoboda, K.J., Miles, J.M., Coppack, S.W., Nemman, A., Holmes, C., Lamensdorf, I., Eisenhofer, G., Sources and physiological significance of plasma dopamine sulfate (1999) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84, pp. 2528-2531González-Santiago, M., Fonollá, J., Lopez-Huertas, E., Human absorption of a supplement containing purified hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil, and evidence for its transient association with low-density lipoproteins (2010) Pharmacological Research, 61, pp. 364-370Khymenets, O., Joglar, J., Clapes, P., Parella, T., Covas, M.I., de la Torre, R., Biocatalyzed synthesis and structural characterization of monoglucuronides of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, homovanillic alcohol and 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propanol (2006) Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 348, pp. 2155-2162Manna, C., Galletti, P., Maisto, G., Cucciolla, V., D'Angelo, S., Zappia, V., Transport mechanism and metabolism of olive oil hydroxytyrosol in Caco-2 cells (2000) FEBS Letters, 470, pp. 341-344Mardh, G., Vallee, B.L., Human class I alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the interconversion of alcohols and aldehydes in the metabolism of dopamine (1986) Biochemistry, 25, pp. 7279-7282Mateos, R., Goya, L., Bravo, L., Metabolism of the olive oil phenols hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosyl acetate by human hepatoma HepG2 cells (2005) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, pp. 9897-9905Miró-Casas, E., Covas, M., Fitó, M., Farrá-Albadalejo, M., Marrugat, J., Torre, R., Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol are absorbed from moderate and sustained doses of virgin olive oil in humans (2003) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, pp. 186-190Perez-Jimenez, F., International conference on the healthy effect of virgin olive oil (2005) European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 35, pp. 421-424Scalbert, A., Williamson, G., Dietary intake and bioavailability of polyphenols (2000) Journal of Nutrition, 130, pp. 2073-2085Suárez, M., Valls, R.M., Romero, M., Macià, A., Fernández, S., Giralt, M., Solà, R., Motilva, M., Bioavailability of phenols from a phenol-enriched olive oil (2011) British Journal of Nutrition, pp. 1-11Townsend, C.M., (2006) Sabiston-Tratado de Cirurgia, 2. , 17a Edition, BrazilTrichopoulou, A., Vasilopoulou, E., Mediterranean diet and longevity (2000) The British Journal of Nutrition, 84, pp. 205-209Tuck, K.L., Hayball, P.J., Major phenolic compounds in olive oil: metabolism and health effects (2002) Journal of Nutritional Biochamistry, 13, pp. 636-644Tuck, K.L., Freeman, M.P., Hayball, P.J., Stretch, G.L., Stupans, I., The in vivo fate of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, antioxidant phenolic constituents of olive oil, after intravenous and oral dosing of labeled compounds to rats (2001) The Journal of Nutrition, 131, pp. 1993-1996Visioli, F., Galli, C., Olive oil: more than just oleic acid (2000) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, p. 853Yaqoob, P., Knapper, J.A., Webb, D.H., Williams, C.M., Newsholme, E.A., Calder, P.C., Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-aged men (1998) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, pp. 129-13

The role of fractional crystallization in the genesis of early syn-D3, tin-mineralized Variscan two-mica granites from the Carrazeda de Ansiães area, northern Portugal

A multiphase granitic complex (G1–G6) in the Carrazeda de Ansiães area, Central Iberian Zone, was emplaced during syn-kinematic stages of the Variscan orogeny, between 329.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 318.9 ± 1.9 Ma, as determined by ID-TIMS U–Pb on zircon and monazite. The complex intruded the metasedimentary Douro Group in a NW trending antiform formed during the D1 and D3 deformation phases, but was itself affected by ductile and brittle deformation. The granites have equal or higher amounts of muscovite than biotite, and contain surmicaceous enclaves and more rarely xenoliths, “schlieren” and microgranular enclaves. They are S-type, mainly alkaline-calcic and peraluminous with ASI ranging between 1.21 and 1.45 and normative corundum of 2.63–4.77%. They are enriched in LREE relatively to HREE, with negative Eu anomalies, (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7097–0.7159, ?Nd = ? 6.2 to ? 9.1, and ?18O = 10.96–11.81‰. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics show that granites G1, G2, G4 and G5 correspond to distinct pulses of magma formed by partial melting of heterogeneous metasedimentary material. Geochemical fractionation trends recorded by whole rocks and minerals permit to distinguish and model two fractional crystallization series G2–G3 and G5–G6, the latter also affected by crustal assimilation during fractionation. Granites G1, G2, G3 and G6 have ? 20 ppm Sn and G5 16 ppm Sn; they are also associated with mineralized Sn- and W-bearing quartz veins. Fractional crystallization was the responsible process for the increase in Sn content in granites from the series and their micas

The importance of sequential partial melting and fractional crystallization in the generation of syn-D3 Variscan two-mica granites from the Carrazeda de Ansiães area, northern Portugal

In the Carrazeda de Ansiães region, northern Portugal, a mesozonal granitic suite intruded Precambrian to Ordovician metasedimentary rocks during the late kinematic stages of the Variscan orogeny. In this multiphase granitic complex, consisting of ten granite types, the youngest group of two-mica granites (G7–G10) was emplaced between 318 ± 1 Ma and 316.2 ± 0.7 Ma, as determined by ID-TIMS U–Pb on zircon and monazite. Granite types G7–G9 were affected by the third phase of deformation (D3) before they were completely crystallized, as indicated by their internal NW–SE magmatic foliation concordant with the regional structures. The granite type G10 shows some distinctive textural features, showing a strong brittle deformation, probably due to its preferential emplacement in late NNE-SSW fault zones. Granites G7–G9 have equal or higher amounts of muscovite than biotite and contain surmicaceous enclaves, xenoliths, “schlieren”, and, more rarely, microgranular enclaves. The muscovite-dominant granite G10 does not contain enclaves. These Variscan granites are peraluminous, with ASI ranging between 1.22 and 1.39 and normative corundum of 2.79–4.39%, having the characteristics of S-type granites. In fact, the enrichment in LREE relatively to HREE, the negative Eu anomalies, and similar mean values of (87Sr/86Sr)i, εNdt and δ18O for G7 (0.7156 ± 0.0005; − 8.5; 11.49 ‰) and G8 (0.7155 ± 0.0007; − 8.4; 11.39 ‰) show that these two granite types resulted from sequential partial melting of the same metasedimentary material, where granite G8 would have derived from a higher degree of partial melting than G7. Granites G8–G10 and their minerals show a fractionation trend that is confirmed by modeling of major and trace elements. The subparallel REE patterns and the decreasing REE contents within the differentiation series, the Rb–Sr isochron for G8, G9 and G10 (315.5 ± 5.4 Ma; MSWD = 1.3) and the relatively uniform εNdt and δ18O data suggest that fractional crystallization was the main mechanism, which would have lasted less than 1 Ma. The tin-bearing granites G7 and G10 have ≥ 20 ppm Sn, but the main quartz veins containing cassiterite and wolframite cut granite G10, which contains 31 ppm Sn. Fractional crystallization was responsible for the increase in Sn content in granites from the G8–G10 series and their micas

Blood pressure levels and adherence to treatment of hypertensive patients, users of a school pharmacy

Adherence to pharmacological treatment for hypertension is considered a key factor in guaranteeing successful therapy outcomes. Knowledge of the disease, its complications, as well as the need for changes in lifestyle, call for patient motivation and continuous interactive education. The evidence regarding the beneficial effects of changes in life style by hypertensive individuals in reducing the complications of the disease, as well as in its prevention are indisputable. However, the challenges posed by patient adherence to treatment prescribed by doctors remain. The aim of this study was to assess blood pressure levels together with degree of adherence to pharmacological treatment with Enalapril Maleate by means of the Morisky-Green Test, in hypertensive patients who were users of a School Pharmacy. Of the 102 patients interviewed, 65.7% had controlled blood pressure, but only 36.3% indicated total compliance with the pharmacological treatment. The Morisky-Green test proved ineffective in associating controlled blood pressure levels and positive attitudes toward taking antihypertensive medicines.<br>A adesão ao tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão arterial sistêmica é considerada uma das etapas essenciais para a garantia do seu sucesso. Para tanto, o conhecimento da doença, suas complicações e necessidade de mudanças em relação ao estilo de vida, requer do paciente, além da motivação, a educação contínua e de modo compartilhado. A evidência quanto aos efeitos benéficos da mudança do estilo de vida pelo portador de hipertensão na redução das complicações desta doença, bem como em sua prevenção, já não são mais questionados, porém o desafio continua residindo na adesão do indivíduo ao padrão de tratamento prescrito pelo médico. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os níveis de pressão arterial, assim como o nível de adesão ao tratamento farmacológico com maleato de enalapril de pacientes portadores de hipertensão arterial, usuários de uma Farmácia Escola, através do Teste de Morisky e Green. Dos 102 pacientes entrevistados, 65,7% apresentaram níveis pressóricos controlados, porém apenas 36,3% indicaram níveis de adesão total à terapêutica farmacológica. O teste de Morisky e Green não foi eficiente para relacionar níveis de pressão arterial controlado e atitude positiva frente à tomada do medicamento anti-hipertensivo fornecido

Variscan Magmatism

This chapter aims to identify, characterize and locate the main facts/events related to orogenesis in the Iberian Peninsula. Its succession in space and time determines the geodynamic environment of the broader geological phenomenon corresponding to the Variscan cycle. In this sense, this section comprises two parts: I—The Iberian orogenic magmatism seen through a space-time approach of its westernmost region—focus on the enormous complexity of the inherited basement, its nature, age and distribution in space. Establishes a space-time sequence of geodynamic environments correlated with the obtained data and tries to identify the agents responsible for its genesis. Some case studies are presented to illustrated significant regional aspects of the magmatic process and II—An overview of the petrogenesis of the great batholiths and of the basic, intermediate and mantle-related rocks—identify and analyze a great amount of these rocks intruding and extruded from 400 to 280 Ma and to better understanding the large-scale process involving the whole lithosphere during Variscan cycle.publishe