Implantação de leguminosas forrageiras em sub-bosque de eucalipto de ciclo longo em São Paulo.

Sistemas silvipastoris podem permitir a geração de renda enquanto as árvores estão se desenvolvendo; com isso diminui os custos associados à silvicultura e atrai pequenos e médios proprietários rurais para a atividade. Para que estes sistemas sejam mais eficientes, é necessário aumentar a produtividade das forrageiras do sub-bosque. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados quatro métodos de estabelecimento de um coquetel de leguminosas forrageiras herbáceas (Centrosema acutifolium, Clitoria ternatea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata + S. macrocephala), Calopogonium mucunoides, Lablab purpureus, Arachis pintoi e Aeschinomene vilosae) sob a sombra de moderada a intensa promovida por um bosque de Eucalyptus grandis submetido a corte de raleamento (40%) oito anos após haver sido plantado. Os métodos comparados constituíram-se de quatro formas de enterrio das sementes por meio de gradagem leve, quer sejam: gradagem após semeadura superficial a lanço não seguida de incorporação (I), gradagem antes (2) ou após (3) semeadura e gradagem antes e após a semeadura (4). Noventa dias após a semeadura, o número de plantas de leguminosa/m2 e a percentagem de cobertura do solo pelas plantas variou (P<O,OS) entre os tratamentos testados os quais, entretanto, não tiveram efeito sobre o acúmulo de matéria seca das plantas de leguminosas. Com a gradagem após o plantio aumentou o número de plântulas/m2; entretanto, a porcentagem de cobertura do solo foi maior no plantio superficial (sem gradagem)

Legumínosas forrageiras para o sub-bosque de floresta de eucalipto de ciclo longo em São Paulo.

Sistemas silvipastoris podem permitir a geração de renda enquanto as árvores estão se desenvolvendo, diminuindo os custos associados à silvicultura e atraindo pequenos e médios proprietários rurais para a atividade. Para que estes sistemas sejam mais eficientes, é necessário aumentar a produtividade das forrageiras do sub-bosque. Neste trabalho foram avaliados o estabelecimento de nove leguminosas forrageiras herbáceas (Centrosema acutifolium, Clitoria ternatea, Pueraria phaseoloides, Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata + S. macrocephala), Calopogonium mucunoides, Lablab purpureum, Arachis pintoi, Alysicarpus vaginalis e Aeschinomene vilosae) em parcelas puras, ao sol e sob a sombra de moderada a intensa de plantações de eucalipto de ciclo longo (Eucayiptus grandis) submetido a corte de desbaste (40%) oito anos após seu plantio. O número de plântulas variou (P<0,05) com o local (solou sombra), com a data de amostragem (36, 66 e 90 dias pós-plantio) e com a espécie. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre espécie e local e entre espécie e época de amostragem. A produção de matéria seca aos 90 dias variou (P<0,05) em função do local (solou sombra) e de espécie; Lablab purpureus foi a espécie mais produtiva, tanto sob sol quanto sob sombra .. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre espécie e local. Arachis pintoi foi mais produtivo à sombra que sob sol, enquanto as demais espécies produziram mais matéria seca quando cultivadas sob pleno sol

Um Caso Clínico de Lepra Multibacilar com Vários Surtos de Eritema Nodoso Leproso

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease with a long incubation period caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, mucous membranes and the peripheral nervous system. It carries the risk of per-manent sequels with a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life. It has a considerable clinically diver-sity and possible atypical presentations. We present a case of a 31-year-old, skin phototype V woman with multibacillary leprosy characterized by multiple outbreaks of erythema nodosum leprosum, as an inaugural manifestation of the disease. The disease was acquired within a group of children and adolescents from an endemic region of Africa, evolved untreated for 3 years, and presented with unusual features and remarkable lymphatic involvement. We highlight the importance of building and maintaining collaboration between expert centers and institutional partnerships in order to provide the adequate diagnostic resources and appropriate care to the affected populations.A lepra é uma doença granulomatosa crónica com longo período de incubação causada pelo bacilo Mycobacte- -rium leprae que afeta principalmente a pele, mucosas e sistema nervoso periférico. Tem risco de sequelas permanentes e impacto significativo na qualidade de vida do paciente. É clinicamente heterogénea com possíveis apresentações atípicas. Descrevemos o caso de uma mulher de 31 anos, fototipo V, com lepra multibacilar caracterizada por múltiplos surtos de eritema nodoso leproso como manifestação inaugural. A doença foi adquirida num grupo de crianças e adolescentes de uma região endémica de África, evoluiu sem tratamento durante 3 anos, e manifestou-se com algumas características clínicas incomuns e notável envolvimento linfático. Destacamos a importância da colaboração entre centros especializados e parcerias institucionais, a fim de fornecer os recursos de diagnósti-co e os cuidados adequados às populações afetadas

Snake Venom: Any Clue for Antibiotics and CAM?

Lately several naturally occurring peptides presenting antimicrobial activity have been described in the literature. However, snake venoms, which are an enormous source of peptides, have not been fully explored for searching such molecules. The aim of this work is to review the basis of antimicrobial mechanisms revealing snake venom as a feasible source for searching an antibiotic prototype. Therefore, it includes (i) a description of the constituents of the snake venoms involved in their main biological effects during the envenomation process; (ii) examples of snake venom molecules of commercial use; (iii) mechanisms of action of known antibiotics; and (iv) how the microorganisms can be resistant to antibiotics. This review also shows that snake venoms are not totally unexplored sources for antibiotics and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

Genetic transformation of Citrus sinensis with Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) derived sequences and reaction of transgenic lines to CTV infection

Transgenic Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. plants, cvs. Valencia and Hamlin, expressing Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) derived sequences were obtained by genetic transformation. The gene constructs were pCTV-CP containing the 25 kDa major capsid protein gene (CTV-CP), pCTV-dsCP containing the same CTV-CP gene in an intron-spliced hairpin construct, and pCTV-CS containing a 559 nt conserved region of the CTV genome. The transgenic lines were identified by PCR and the transgene integration was confirmed by Southern blot. Transgene mRNA could be detected in most transgenic lines containing pCTV-CP or pCTV-CS transgene. The mRNA of pCTV-dsCP transgene was almost undetectable, with very light bands in most analyzed plants. The transgene transcription appears to be closely linked to the type of gene construct. The virus challenge assays reveals that all transgenic lines were infected. However, it was possible to identify propagated clones of transgenic plants of both cultivars studied with a low virus titer, with values similar to the non-inoculated plants (negative control). These results suggested that the transgenic plants present some level of resistance to virus replication. The higher number of clones with low virus titer and where mRNA could not be detected or was presented in a very light band was found for pCTV-dsCP-derived transgenic lines561162166CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçã

The epochs of early-type galaxy formation as a function of environment

The aim of this paper is to set constraints of the epochs of early-type galaxy formation through the 'archaeology' of the stellar populations in local galaxies. Using our models of absorption line indices that account for variable abundance ratios, we derive the stellar population parameters of 124 early-type galaxies in high and low density environments. We find that all three parameters age, metallicity, and alpha/Fe ratio are correlated with velocity dispersion. We further find evidence for an influence of the environment on the stellar population properties. Massive early-type galaxies in low-density environments appear on average ~2 Gyrs younger and slightly more metal-rich than their counterparts in high density environments. No offsets in the alpha/Fe ratios, instead, are detected. We translate the derived ages and alpha/Fe ratios into star formation histories. We show that most star formation activity in early-type galaxies is expected to have happened between redshifts 3 and 5 in high density and between redshifts 1 and 2 in low density environments. We conclude that at least 50 per cent of the total stellar mass density must have already formed at z 1, in good agreement with observational estimates of the total stellar mass density as a function of redshift. Our results suggest that significant mass growth in the early-type galaxy population below z 1 must be restricted to less massive objects, and a significant increase of the stellar mass density between redshifts 1 and 2 should be present caused mainly by the field galaxy population. The results of this paper further imply vigorous star formation episodes in massive objects at z 2-5 and the presence of evolved ellipticals around z 1, both observationally identified as SCUBA galaxies and EROs.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, plus appendix, accepted by Ap

An analysis of the composite stellar population in M32

We obtained long-slit spectra of high signal-to-noise ratio of the galaxy M32 with the GMOS spectrograph at the GEMINI North telescope. We analysed the integrated spectra by means of full spectral fitting in order to extract the mixture of stellar populations that best represents its composite nature. Three different galactic radii were analysed, from the nuclear region out to 2 arcmin from the centre. This allows us to compare, for the first time, the results of integrated light spectroscopy with those of resolved colour-magnitude diagrams from the literature. As our main result, we propose that an ancient and an intermediate-age population coexist in M32, and that the balance between these two populations change between the nucleus and outside 1 effective radius in the sense that the contribution from the intermediate population is larger at the nuclear region. We retrieve a smaller signal of a young population at all radii whose origin is unclear and may be a contamination from horizontal-branch stars, such as the ones identified by Brown et al. in the nuclear region. We compare our metallicity distribution function for a region 1 to 2 arcmin from the centre to the one obtained with photometric data by Grillmair et al. Both distributions are broad, but our spectroscopically derived distribution has a significant component with [Z/Z_{\sun}] \leq -1, which is not found by Grillmair et al.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRA

Iatrogenesis in Intensive Care Units: dramatization of Contemporary Bio/Ethical Problems

This qualitative investigation, based in Foucauldian analysis with approximations to the post-structuralism theoretical framework, explores iatrogenesis as one of the tensions in the nursing to do/to know which can be discursively articulated to bioethics and to technobiomedicine. The documentary sources and intensive interviews with nurses, permitted the activation of a reflection on the act of the nurse in a context permeated by the ever-present possibility of failure in both the procedure and in the conduct and, from this possibility, they should meet their obligation to correct this failure not so much or not only in knowledge, not so much or not only in law but in practice itself.Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, fundamentada en la perspectiva foucaultiana con aproximaciones en el referencial teórico post-estructuralista, explora las iatrogenias como una de las tensiones en el hacer/saber enfermería que pueden ser discursivamente articuladas a la bioética y a la tecnobiomedicina. Las fuentes documentales y de entrevistas con enfermeros intensivistas permitieron activar una reflexión sobre el actuar del enfermero en un contexto impregnado por la posibilidad siempre latente de fallar tanto en el procedimiento, como en la conducta y, a partir de esta posibilidad, estos profesionales encuentra que es su obligación corregir esta falla no tanto o no apenas en el conocimiento, no tanto o no apenas en la ley, pero más bien en la práctica de sí mismo.Esta é uma investigação qualitativa, balizada na analítica foucaultiana com aproximações ao referencial teórico pós-estruturalista, explora as iatrogenias como uma das tensões no fazer/saber enfermagem que podem ser discursivamente articuladas à bioética e à tecnobiomedicina. As fontes documentais e de entrevistas com enfermeiros(as) intensivistas permitiram ativar reflexão sobre o agir do(a) enfermeiro(a) em contexto permeado pela possibilidade, sempre latente, de falhar tanto no procedimento como na conduta, e, a partir dessa possibilidade, ele(a) encontra sua obrigação de corrigir essa falha não tanto ou não apenas no conhecimento, não tanto ou não apenas na lei, mas na prática de si mesmo