611 research outputs found

    Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach.

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    Rita Temmerman. Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The Sociocognitive Approach. 2000, xv + 258 pp. ISBN 90 272 2326 2 (Eur.), 1 55619 772 1 (US) (Hb.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Price: €75, US$75

    Surface barriers as dominant mechanism to transport limitations in hierarchically structured catalysts – Application to the zeolite-catalyzed alkylation of benzene with ethylene

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    The meso-macropore network of a hierarchically structured zeolite catalyst is numerically optimized to maximize the volume-integrated reaction yield in the ethylation of benzene to produce ethylbenzene over zeolite H-ZSM-5. A hierarchical approach is used at multiple length scales to determine the optimal pore network properties. The maximum volume-integrated reaction yield of the hierarchically structured zeolite catalyst containing meso- and macropores is nearly twice the yield of a zeolite pellet containing only macropores, at the same macroporosity. To bridge the gap between modeling and experiments, a series of physical mixtures of ZSM-5 crystals and mesoporous silica, containing different weight fractions of zeolite is synthesized and used in fixed bed reactor experiments to determine the optimal pellet structure to maximize the conversion of ethylene. Comparison with reactor simulations of the zeolite composites shows that the performance of the zeolite composites might be limited by surface barriers at the external surface of the zeolite crystals, rather than by diffusion limitations within the meso-macropore network of the pellets

    Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

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    In the future, (electro-)chemical catalysts will have to be more tolerant towards a varying supply of energy and raw materials. This is mainly due to the fluctuating nature of renewable energies. For example, power-to-chemical processes require a shift from steady-state operation towards operation under dynamic reaction conditions. This brings along a number of demands for the design of both catalysts and reactors, because it is well-known that the structure of catalysts is very dynamic. However, in-depth studies of catalysts and catalytic reactors under such transient conditions have only started recently. This requires studies and advances in the fields of 1) operando spectroscopy including time-resolved methods, 2) theory with predictive quality, 3) kinetic modelling, 4) design of catalysts by appropriate preparation concepts, and 5) novel/modular reactor designs. An intensive exchange between these scientific disciplines will enable a substantial gain of fundamental knowledge which is urgently required. This concept article highlights recent developments, challenges, and future directions for understanding catalysts under dynamic reaction conditions

    Realtime calibration of the A4 electromagnetic lead fluoride calorimeter

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    Sufficient energy resolution is the key issue for the calorimetry in particle and nuclear physics. The calorimeter of the A4 parity violation experiment at MAMI is a segmented calorimeter where the energy of an event is determined by summing the signals of neighbouring channels. In this case the precise matching of the individual modules is crucial to obtain a good energy resolution. We have developped a calibration procedure for our total absorbing electromagnetic calorimeter which consists of 1022 lead fluoride (PbF_2) crystals. This procedure reconstructs the the single-module contributions to the events by solving a linear system of equations, involving the inversion of a 1022 x 1022-matrix. The system has shown its functionality at beam energies between 300 and 1500 MeV and represents a new and fast method to keep the calorimeter permanently in a well-calibrated state

    Measurement of the Transverse Beam Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Proton Scattering and the Inelastic Contribution to the Imaginary Part of the Two-Photon Exchange Amplitude

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    We report on a measurement of the asymmetry in the scattering of transversely polarized electrons off unpolarized protons, A⊄_\perp, at two Q2^2 values of \qsquaredaveragedlow (GeV/c)2^2 and \qsquaredaveragedhighII (GeV/c)2^2 and a scattering angle of 30∘<Ξe<40∘30^\circ < \theta_e < 40^\circ. The measured transverse asymmetries are A⊄_{\perp}(Q2^2 = \qsquaredaveragedlow (GeV/c)2^2) = (\experimentalasymmetry alulowcorr ±\pm \statisticalerrorlowstat_{\rm stat} ±\pm \combinedsyspolerrorlowalucorsys_{\rm sys}) ×\times 10−6^{-6} and A⊄_{\perp}(Q2^2 = \qsquaredaveragedhighII (GeV/c)2^2) = (\experimentalasymme tryaluhighcorr ±\pm \statisticalerrorhighstat_{\rm stat} ±\pm \combinedsyspolerrorhighalucorsys_{\rm sys}) ×\times 10−6^{-6}. The first errors denotes the statistical error and the second the systematic uncertainties. A⊄_\perp arises from the imaginary part of the two-photon exchange amplitude and is zero in the one-photon exchange approximation. From comparison with theoretical estimates of A⊄_\perp we conclude that π\piN-intermediate states give a substantial contribution to the imaginary part of the two-photon amplitude. The contribution from the ground state proton to the imaginary part of the two-photon exchange can be neglected. There is no obvious reason why this should be different for the real part of the two-photon amplitude, which enters into the radiative corrections for the Rosenbluth separation measurements of the electric form factor of the proton.Comment: 4 figures, submitted to PRL on Oct.

    Identifying Overlapping and Hierarchical Thematic Structures in Networks of Scholarly Papers: A Comparison of Three Approaches

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    We implemented three recently proposed approaches to the identification of overlapping and hierarchical substructures in graphs and applied the corresponding algorithms to a network of 492 information-science papers coupled via their cited sources. The thematic substructures obtained and overlaps produced by the three hierarchical cluster algorithms were compared to a content-based categorisation, which we based on the interpretation of titles and keywords. We defined sets of papers dealing with three topics located on different levels of aggregation: h-index, webometrics, and bibliometrics. We identified these topics with branches in the dendrograms produced by the three cluster algorithms and compared the overlapping topics they detected with one another and with the three pre-defined paper sets. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of applying the three approaches to paper networks in research fields.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figure

    Evidence for Strange Quark Contributions to the Nucleon's Form Factors at Q2Q^2 = 0.108 (GeV/c)2^2

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    We report on a measurement of the parity violating asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons off unpolarized protons with the A4 apparatus at MAMI in Mainz at a four momentum transfer value of Q2Q^2 = \Qsquare (GeV/c)2^2 and at a forward electron scattering angle of 30∘<Ξe<40∘^\circ < \theta_e < 40^\circ. The measured asymmetry is ALR(e⃗p)A_{LR}(\vec{e}p) = (\Aphys ±\pm \Deltastatstat_{stat} ±\pm \Deltasystsyst_{syst}) ×\times 10−6^{-6}. The expectation from the Standard Model assuming no strangeness contribution to the vector current is A0_0 = (\Azero ±\pm \DeltaAzero) ×\times 10−6^{-6}. We have improved the statistical accuracy by a factor of 3 as compared to our previous measurements at a higher Q2Q^2. We have extracted the strangeness contribution to the electromagnetic form factors from our data to be GEsG_E^s + \FakGMs GMsG_M^s = \GEsGMs ±\pm \DeltaGEsGMs at Q2Q^2 = \Qsquare (GeV/c)2^2. As in our previous measurement at higher momentum transfer for GEsG_E^s + 0.230 GMsG_M^s, we again find the value for GEsG_E^s + \FakGMs GMsG_M^s to be positive, this time at an improved significance level of 2 σ\sigma.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
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