Determination of convective heat transfer for fenestration with between-the-glass louvered shades

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.09.034 © 2008. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In previous work, a two-dimensional steady laminar natural convection model of a window cavity with between-panes louvers (i.e., slats) was developed by approximating the system as a vertical cavity with isothermal walls at different temperatures, and with rotatable baffles located midway between the walls. The baffles were set to a third temperature so that night-time and day-time conditions, and the effects of low emissivity coatings (low-e), could be considered. It was found that the system is suited to a traditional one-dimensional analysis. A novel approach that allows the use of standard vertical cavity convection correlations and a modified cavity half-width is described, and a cavity modification factor, n∗, is presented. Finally, the n∗ factor and vertical cavity convection correlation are joined with a longwave radiant model, and the results are compared to experimental results. The models show good agreement with experiments.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || CANMET Energy Technology Centr

Determination of convective heat transfer for fenestration with between-the-glass louvered shades

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.09.034 © 2008. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In previous work, a two-dimensional steady laminar natural convection model of a window cavity with between-panes louvers (i.e., slats) was developed by approximating the system as a vertical cavity with isothermal walls at different temperatures, and with rotatable baffles located midway between the walls. The baffles were set to a third temperature so that night-time and day-time conditions, and the effects of low emissivity coatings (low-e), could be considered. It was found that the system is suited to a traditional one-dimensional analysis. A novel approach that allows the use of standard vertical cavity convection correlations and a modified cavity half-width is described, and a cavity modification factor, n∗, is presented. Finally, the n∗ factor and vertical cavity convection correlation are joined with a longwave radiant model, and the results are compared to experimental results. The models show good agreement with experiments.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || CANMET Energy Technology Centr

Numerical Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer in Fenestration with Between-the-Glass Louvered Shades

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.03.017 © 2009. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/A two-dimensional steady laminar natural convection model of a window cavity with between-panes louvers (i.e., slats) was developed by approximating the system as a vertical cavity with isothermal walls at different temperatures, and with rotatable baffles located midway between the walls. The baffles were set to a third temperature so that night-time and day-time conditions could be considered. The effects of wall spacing, baffle angle and temperature, and the wall-to-wall temperature difference were examined. It was found that the system is suited to a traditional one-dimensional analysis, and that the convective heat transfer is largely independent of the Rayleigh number for the conditions of practical interest.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || CANMET Energy Technology Centr

Evaluasi Kinerja Jalan dan Penataan Arus Lalu Lintas pada Akses Dermaga Ferry Penyeberangan Sianta

Kepadatan lalu lintas sering terjadi pada jam-jam sibuk di mana sering terjadi kemacetan pada sebagian jalan raya penting di Pontianak. . Jalan Khatulistiwa yang merupakan juga akses dermaga Ferry Penyeberangan Siantan yang menghubungkan juga dengan lembaga pendidikan, perkantoran, pasar, pertokoan dan pemukiman sehingga dapat menyebabkan konflik arus lalu lintas pada persimpangan yang dapat menghambat kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Untuk merencanakan suatu persimpangan yang baik perlu adanya volume lalu lintas dari persimpangan itu sendiri. Volume lalu lintas ini didapatkan dari hasil survey lalu lintas yang dilaksanakan pada hari Jum'at, Sabtu, Minggu dan Senin. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan alat bantu counter hand. Kemacetan yang terjadi pada persimpangan dikarenakan adanya konflik pada persimpangan yang dapat menghambat kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Hasil penelitian dengan Pengaturan arus lalu lintas didapat alternatif pertama yakni mengurangi hambatan samping dari tinggi menjadi rendah maka ( FRSU = 0,95) misalnya dengan pemasangan rambu lalu lintas larangan serta dilakukan penertiban pedagang kaki lima disekitar simpang sehingga diharapkan berkurangnya hambatan samping disekitar simpang didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,69 dan simpang kedua 0.87. Alternatif kedua mengurangi hambatan samping dari tinggi menjadi rendah maka ( FRSU = 0,95) misalnya dengan pemasangan rambu lalu lintas larangan berhenti serta dilakukan penertiban pedagang kaki lima disekitar simpang. Kemudian kendaraan yang keluar dari kapal ferry dialihkan kearah pasar puring dengan mengurangi hambatan samping yang tinggi menjadi rendah dengan cara pemasangan rambu lalu lintas dan penertiban pedagang kaki lima diruas jalan pasar puring dan disekitar simpang didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,63, simpang kedua 0,57 dan simpang ketiga 1,25. Alternatif ketiga Penerapan alternatif kedua dengan menggunakan simpang bersinyal serta pada simpang ke III dilakukan pelebaran dari 6 M menjadi 12 M pada jalan khatulistiwa didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,583, simpang kedua 0,548 dan simpang ketiga 0,536. Sehingga pengaturan arus lalu lintas dengan alternatif ketiga dianggap lebih efektif. Kata-kata kunci

Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) Reversibly Binds a [2Fe-2S] Cluster to Sense Intracellular Iron Homeostasis in Escherichia Coli

The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a global transcription factor that regulates intracellular iron homeostasis in bacteria. The current hypothesis states that when the intracellular “free” iron concentration is elevated, Fur binds ferrous iron, and the iron-bound Fur represses the genes encoding for iron uptake systems and stimulates the genes encoding for iron storage proteins. However, the “iron-bound” Fur has never been isolated from any bacteria. Here we report that the Escherichia coli Fur has a bright red color when expressed in E. coli mutant cells containing an elevated intracellular free iron content because of deletion of the iron–sulfur cluster assembly proteins IscA and SufA. The acid-labile iron and sulfide content analyses in conjunction with the EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements and the site-directed mutagenesis studies show that the red Fur protein binds a [2Fe-2S] cluster via conserved cysteine residues. The occupancy of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in Fur protein is ∼31% in the E. coli iscA/sufA mutant cells and is decreased to ∼4% in WT E. coli cells. Depletion of the intracellular free iron content using the membrane-permeable iron chelator 2,2´-dipyridyl effectively removes the [2Fe-2S] cluster from Fur in E. coli cells, suggesting that Fur senses the intracellular free iron content via reversible binding of a [2Fe-2S] cluster. The binding of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in Fur appears to be highly conserved, because the Fur homolog from Hemophilus influenzae expressed in E. coli cells also reversibly binds a [2Fe-2S] cluster to sense intracellular iron homeostasis

Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) reversibly binds a [2Fe-2S] cluster to sense intracellular iron homeostasis in escherichia coli

© 2020 Fontenot et al. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a global transcription factor that regulates intracellular iron homeostasis in bacteria. The current hypothesis states that when the intracellular “free” iron concentration is elevated, Fur binds ferrous iron, and the iron-bound Fur represses the genes encoding for iron uptake systems and stimulates the genes encoding for iron storage proteins. However, the “iron-bound” Fur has never been isolated from any bacteria. Here we report that the Escherichia coli Fur has a bright red color when expressed in E. coli mutant cells containing an elevated intracellular free iron content because of deletion of the iron–sulfur cluster assembly proteins IscA and SufA. The acid-labile iron and sulfide content analyses in conjunction with the EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements and the site-directed mutagenesis studies show that the red Fur protein binds a [2Fe-2S] cluster via conserved cysteine residues. The occupancy of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in Fur protein is ~31% in the E. coli iscA/sufA mutant cells and is decreased to ~4% in WT E. coli cells. Depletion of the intracellular free iron content using the membrane-permeable iron chelator 2,2´-dipyridyl effectively removes the [2Fe-2S] cluster from Fur in E. coli cells, suggesting that Fur senses the intracellular free iron content via reversible binding of a [2Fe-2S] cluster. The binding of the [2Fe-2S] cluster in Fur appears to be highly conserved, because the Fur homolog from Hemophilus influenzae expressed in E. coli cells also reversibly binds a [2Fe-2S] cluster to sense intracellular iron homeostasis

Energy-Momentum Distribution: A Crucial Problem in General Relativity

This paper is aimed to elaborate the problem of energy-momentum in General Relativity. In this connection, we use the prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papapetrou and M\"{o}ller to compute the energy-momentum densities for two exact solutions of Einstein field equations. The spacetimes under consideration are the non-null Einstein-Maxwell solutions and the singularity-free cosmological model. The electromagnetic generalization of the G\"{o}del solution and the G\"{o}del metric become special cases of the non-null Einstein-Maxwell solutions. It turns out that these prescriptions do not provide consistent results for any of these spacetimes. These inconsistence results verify the well-known proposal that the idea of localization does not follow the lines of pseudo-tensorial construction but instead follows from the energy-momentum tensor itself. These differences can also be understood with the help of the Hamiltonian approach.Comment: 28 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Comparative study between biological and chemical agents for control sheath blight disease of rice

Biological control measures are indispensable to sustain global food security, due to it being economically profitable and environmentally sound. A comparative study was conducted to know the effectiveness of biological control measures compared with contact fungicide. Trichoderma spp. based bio fungicides Bioquick and Biospark were applied as preventive measures and contact fungicide as a curative measure for controlling sheath blight disease in rice varieties BR 71 and IR 24. Biospark and Bioquick were applied before disease development while, contact fungicide was used after the initiation of sheath blight disease. At the early stage of disease development, the effect of Bioquick, Biospark, and fungicide in terms of reducing percent relative lesion height and percent tiller infection are comparable. At 14 DAI and 18 DAI, contact fungicide performed best among the three control measures based on the two parameters. The genotypes of the rice accessions used in the study also appeared to be a factor in disease development, as evidenced by higher horizontal and vertical disease severity in BR71 than in IR24. Between comparison of Bioquick and Biospark in terms of reducing percent relative lesion height, percent tiller infection, and percent disease control, appeared to be higher in Biospark in both varieties. From this study, we can conclude that farmers can use Biospark as a biofungicide to get maximum benefit considering rice yield and ecology. However, its efficacy is slightly lower than chemical fungicides for controlling sheath blight disease of rice

Energy Distribution associated with Static Axisymmetric Solutions

This paper has been addressed to a very old but burning problem of energy in General Relativity. We evaluate energy and momentum densities for the static and axisymmetric solutions. This specializes to two metrics, i.e., Erez-Rosen and the gamma metrics, belonging to the Weyl class. We apply four well-known prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papaterou and M$\ddot{o}$ller to compute energy-momentum density components. We obtain that these prescriptions do not provide similar energy density, however momentum becomes constant in each case. The results can be matched under particular boundary conditions.Comment: 18 pages, accepted for publication in Astrophysics and SpaceScienc

Human Coronavirus NL63 Open Reading Frame 3 encodes a virion-incorporated N-glycosylated membrane protein

Background: Human pathogenic coronavirus NL63 (hCoV-NL63) is a group 1 (alpha) coronavirus commonly associated with respiratory tract infections. In addition to known non-structural and structural proteins all coronaviruses have one or more accessory proteins whose functions are mostly unknown. Our study focuses on hCoV-NL63 open reading frame 3 (ORF 3) which is a highly conserved accessory protein among coronaviruses. Results: In-silico analysis of the 225 amino acid sequence of hCoV-NL63 ORF 3 predicted a triple membranespanning protein. Expression in infected CaCo-2 and LLC-MK2 cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The protein was detected within the endoplasmatic reticulum/Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) where coronavirus assembly and budding takes place. Subcellular localization studies using recombinant ORF 3 protein transfected in Huh-7 cells revealed occurrence in ERGIC, Golgi- and lysosomal compartments. By fluorescence microscopy of differently tagged envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins it was shown that ORF 3 protein colocalizes extensively with E and M within the ERGIC. Using N-terminally FLAG-tagged ORF 3 protein and an antiserum specific to the C-terminus we verified the proposed topology of an extracellular N-terminus and a cytosolic C-terminus. By in-vitro translation analysis and subsequent endoglycosidase H digestion we showed that ORF 3 protein is N-glycosylated at the N-terminus. Analysis of purified viral particles revealed that ORF 3 protein is incorporated into virions and is therefore an additional structural protein. Conclusions: This study is the first extensive expression analysis of a group 1 hCoV-ORF 3 protein. We give evidence that ORF 3 protein is a structural N-glycosylated and virion-incorporated protein.Web of Scienc