Evaluasi Kinerja Jalan dan Penataan Arus Lalu Lintas pada Akses Dermaga Ferry Penyeberangan Sianta

Kepadatan lalu lintas sering terjadi pada jam-jam sibuk di mana sering terjadi kemacetan pada sebagian jalan raya penting di Pontianak. . Jalan Khatulistiwa yang merupakan juga akses dermaga Ferry Penyeberangan Siantan yang menghubungkan juga dengan lembaga pendidikan, perkantoran, pasar, pertokoan dan pemukiman sehingga dapat menyebabkan konflik arus lalu lintas pada persimpangan yang dapat menghambat kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Untuk merencanakan suatu persimpangan yang baik perlu adanya volume lalu lintas dari persimpangan itu sendiri. Volume lalu lintas ini didapatkan dari hasil survey lalu lintas yang dilaksanakan pada hari Jum'at, Sabtu, Minggu dan Senin. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan alat bantu counter hand. Kemacetan yang terjadi pada persimpangan dikarenakan adanya konflik pada persimpangan yang dapat menghambat kelancaran arus lalu lintas. Hasil penelitian dengan Pengaturan arus lalu lintas didapat alternatif pertama yakni mengurangi hambatan samping dari tinggi menjadi rendah maka ( FRSU = 0,95) misalnya dengan pemasangan rambu lalu lintas larangan serta dilakukan penertiban pedagang kaki lima disekitar simpang sehingga diharapkan berkurangnya hambatan samping disekitar simpang didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,69 dan simpang kedua 0.87. Alternatif kedua mengurangi hambatan samping dari tinggi menjadi rendah maka ( FRSU = 0,95) misalnya dengan pemasangan rambu lalu lintas larangan berhenti serta dilakukan penertiban pedagang kaki lima disekitar simpang. Kemudian kendaraan yang keluar dari kapal ferry dialihkan kearah pasar puring dengan mengurangi hambatan samping yang tinggi menjadi rendah dengan cara pemasangan rambu lalu lintas dan penertiban pedagang kaki lima diruas jalan pasar puring dan disekitar simpang didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,63, simpang kedua 0,57 dan simpang ketiga 1,25. Alternatif ketiga Penerapan alternatif kedua dengan menggunakan simpang bersinyal serta pada simpang ke III dilakukan pelebaran dari 6 M menjadi 12 M pada jalan khatulistiwa didapat derajat kejenuhan simpang pertama 0,583, simpang kedua 0,548 dan simpang ketiga 0,536. Sehingga pengaturan arus lalu lintas dengan alternatif ketiga dianggap lebih efektif. Kata-kata kunci

Determination of convective heat transfer for fenestration with between-the-glass louvered shades

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.09.034 © 2008. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In previous work, a two-dimensional steady laminar natural convection model of a window cavity with between-panes louvers (i.e., slats) was developed by approximating the system as a vertical cavity with isothermal walls at different temperatures, and with rotatable baffles located midway between the walls. The baffles were set to a third temperature so that night-time and day-time conditions, and the effects of low emissivity coatings (low-e), could be considered. It was found that the system is suited to a traditional one-dimensional analysis. A novel approach that allows the use of standard vertical cavity convection correlations and a modified cavity half-width is described, and a cavity modification factor, n∗, is presented. Finally, the n∗ factor and vertical cavity convection correlation are joined with a longwave radiant model, and the results are compared to experimental results. The models show good agreement with experiments.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || CANMET Energy Technology Centr

Determination of convective heat transfer for fenestration with between-the-glass louvered shades

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.09.034 © 2008. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In previous work, a two-dimensional steady laminar natural convection model of a window cavity with between-panes louvers (i.e., slats) was developed by approximating the system as a vertical cavity with isothermal walls at different temperatures, and with rotatable baffles located midway between the walls. The baffles were set to a third temperature so that night-time and day-time conditions, and the effects of low emissivity coatings (low-e), could be considered. It was found that the system is suited to a traditional one-dimensional analysis. A novel approach that allows the use of standard vertical cavity convection correlations and a modified cavity half-width is described, and a cavity modification factor, n∗, is presented. Finally, the n∗ factor and vertical cavity convection correlation are joined with a longwave radiant model, and the results are compared to experimental results. The models show good agreement with experiments.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || CANMET Energy Technology Centr

Numerical Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer in Fenestration with Between-the-Glass Louvered Shades

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.03.017 © 2009. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/A two-dimensional steady laminar natural convection model of a window cavity with between-panes louvers (i.e., slats) was developed by approximating the system as a vertical cavity with isothermal walls at different temperatures, and with rotatable baffles located midway between the walls. The baffles were set to a third temperature so that night-time and day-time conditions could be considered. The effects of wall spacing, baffle angle and temperature, and the wall-to-wall temperature difference were examined. It was found that the system is suited to a traditional one-dimensional analysis, and that the convective heat transfer is largely independent of the Rayleigh number for the conditions of practical interest.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || CANMET Energy Technology Centr

Energy Distribution associated with Static Axisymmetric Solutions

This paper has been addressed to a very old but burning problem of energy in General Relativity. We evaluate energy and momentum densities for the static and axisymmetric solutions. This specializes to two metrics, i.e., Erez-Rosen and the gamma metrics, belonging to the Weyl class. We apply four well-known prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papaterou and M$\ddot{o}$ller to compute energy-momentum density components. We obtain that these prescriptions do not provide similar energy density, however momentum becomes constant in each case. The results can be matched under particular boundary conditions.Comment: 18 pages, accepted for publication in Astrophysics and SpaceScienc

Energy-Momentum Distribution: A Crucial Problem in General Relativity

This paper is aimed to elaborate the problem of energy-momentum in General Relativity. In this connection, we use the prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papapetrou and M\"{o}ller to compute the energy-momentum densities for two exact solutions of Einstein field equations. The spacetimes under consideration are the non-null Einstein-Maxwell solutions and the singularity-free cosmological model. The electromagnetic generalization of the G\"{o}del solution and the G\"{o}del metric become special cases of the non-null Einstein-Maxwell solutions. It turns out that these prescriptions do not provide consistent results for any of these spacetimes. These inconsistence results verify the well-known proposal that the idea of localization does not follow the lines of pseudo-tensorial construction but instead follows from the energy-momentum tensor itself. These differences can also be understood with the help of the Hamiltonian approach.Comment: 28 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Clade C HIV-1 isolates circulating in Southern Africa exhibit a greater frequency of dicysteine motif-containing Tat variants than those in Southeast Asia and cause increased neurovirulence

Background: HIV-1 Clade C (Subtype C; HIV-1C) is responsible for greater than 50% of infections worldwide. Unlike clade B HIV-1 (Subtype B; HIV-1B), which is known to cause HIV associated dementia (HAD) in approximately 15% to 30% of the infected individuals, HIV-1C has been linked with lower prevalence of HAD (0 to 6%) in India and Ethiopia. However, recent studies report a higher prevalence of HAD in South Africa, Zambia and Botswana, where HIV-1C infections predominate. Therefore, we examined whether Southern African HIV-1C is genetically distinct and investigated its neurovirulence. HIV-1 Tat protein is a viral determinant of neurocognitive dysfunction. Therefore, we focused our study on the variations seen in tat gene and its contribution to HIV associated neuropathogenesis. Results: A phylogenetic analysis of tat sequences of Southern African (South Africa and Zambia) HIV isolates with those from the geographically distant Southeast Asian (India and Bangladesh) isolates revealed that Southern African tat sequences are distinct from Southeast Asian isolates. The proportion of HIV − 1C variants with an intact dicysteine motif in Tat protein (C30C31) was significantly higher in the Southern African countries compared to Southeast Asia and broadly paralleled the high incidence of HAD in these countries. Neuropathogenic potential of a Southern African HIV-1C isolate (from Zambia; HIV-1C1084i), a HIV-1C isolate (HIV-1IndieC1) from Southeast Asia and a HIV-1B isolate (HIV-1ADA) from the US were tested using in vitro assays to measure neurovirulence and a SCID mouse HIV encephalitis model to measure cognitive deficits. In vitro assays revealed that the Southern African isolate, HIV-1C1084i exhibited increased monocyte chemotaxis and greater neurotoxicity compared to Southeast Asian HIV-1C. In neurocognitive tests, SCID mice injected with MDM infected with Southern African HIV-1C1084i showed greater cognitive dysfunction similar to HIV-1B but much higher than those exposed to Southeast Asian HIV − 1C. Conclusions: We report here, for the first time, that HIV-1C from Southern African countries is genetically distinct from Southeast Asian HIV-1C and that it exhibits a high frequency of variants with dicysteine motif in a key neurotoxic HIV protein, Tat. Our results indicate that Tat dicysteine motif determines neurovirulence. If confirmed in population studies, it may be possible to predict neurocognitive outcomes of individuals infected with HIV-1C by genotyping Tat

Protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by B. subtilis isolated from soil

Background: Proteases produced by enzymatic method are more environments friendly than chemical process, and they have tremendous potential in the leather industry and in other several industries. In this study extracellular protease producing non pathogenic Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil sample and relationship between sporulation and extracellular protease synthesis in large scale cultivation was studied. The enzyme was further characterized, purified, and tested for potential application. Result: The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. Enzyme activity was checked on the presence of different metal ions and effectors. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. Sulfahydryl reagents, DTT slightly and β-ME significantly inhibit the enzyme. EDTA showed no effect on the enzyme suggesting that the enzyme might not be metalloprotease. PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor was seen to totally inhibit the enzyme which indicates that the enzyme is a serine protease. The optimum enzyme activity was observed after 22 hours of incubation of B. subtilis at 37o C. Conclusions: Crude enzyme contains 285 units of enzyme which have direct dehairing activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather and detergent industry. Apart from protease the bacterium was also seen to have lipase and collagenase activity. So, the bacteria are potentially good candidate for industrial application

Stabilisation of metastable polymorphs: the case of paracetamol form III

YesThe design of a melt synthesis of the first air-stable formulation of the metastable form III of paracetamol is derived from thermo-spectroscopic and thermo-diffraction experiments. Melt crystallisation in the presence of β-1,4-saccharides produces form III selectively and the excipients appear to act as stabilising ‘active’ templates of the metastable polymorph.This article is part of themed collection: Pharmaceutical Solids

Design, Development, and Testing of a Low-Concentration Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the design, development, and testing of a low-concentration vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The low-cost implementation has a 7 cm × 7 cm active membrane area and an electrolyte volume of 450 mL for each positive and negative electrolyte. The electrolyte concentration is approximately 0.066 M vanadium. An H-cell for performing electrolysis with the electrolytes is developed, and the process and method for creating the electrolyte for this low-concentration implementation are described and documented. The maximum power density and energy efficiency of the battery among tests between 500 and 800 mA are 1.32 W/L and 28.51%, respectively. Results are presented in terms of polarization curves, charge/discharge cycles, and voltage, coulombic, and energy efficiencies. Adaptation of a COMSOL Multiphysics model is implemented to compare the computational performance figures and the results of our VRFB implementation. The numerical results agree with experimentation, and differences in the results can be attributed to the losses present in the experimental tests. The proposed battery and design are intended to investigate the performance and feasibility of a low-concentration VRFB. The ultimate long-term objective of this research is the development of a novel, costeffective, and safe redox flow battery using hydrogen peroxide as one of the electrolytes