1,739 research outputs found

    CloudScope: diagnosing and managing performance interference in multi-tenant clouds

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    © 2015 IEEE.Virtual machine consolidation is attractive in cloud computing platforms for several reasons including reduced infrastructure costs, lower energy consumption and ease of management. However, the interference between co-resident workloads caused by virtualization can violate the service level objectives (SLOs) that the cloud platform guarantees. Existing solutions to minimize interference between virtual machines (VMs) are mostly based on comprehensive micro-benchmarks or online training which makes them computationally intensive. In this paper, we present CloudScope, a system for diagnosing interference for multi-tenant cloud systems in a lightweight way. CloudScope employs a discrete-time Markov Chain model for the online prediction of performance interference of co-resident VMs. It uses the results to optimally (re)assign VMs to physical machines and to optimize the hypervisor configuration, e.g. the CPU share it can use, for different workloads. We have implemented CloudScope on top of the Xen hypervisor and conducted experiments using a set of CPU, disk, and network intensive workloads and a real system (MapReduce). Our results show that CloudScope interference prediction achieves an average error of 9%. The interference-aware scheduler improves VM performance by up to 10% compared to the default scheduler. In addition, the hypervisor reconfiguration can improve network throughput by up to 30%

    The ecology of a moth associated with the northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea)

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    Endothenia daeckeana Krft. is an obligate associate of S. purpurea L. in Wisconsin. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the ecological relationship between this moth and its host plant

    Bond Orientational Order, Molecular Motion and Free Energy of High Density DNA Mesophases

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    By equilibrating condensed DNA arrays against reservoirs of known osmotic stress and examining them with several structural probes, it has been possible to achieve a detailed thermodynamic and structural characterization of the change between two distinct regions on the liquid crystalline phase digram: a higher-density hexagonally packed region with long-range bond orientational order in the plane perpendicular to the average molecular direction; and a lower-density cholesteric region with fluid-like positional order. X-rays scattering on highly ordered DNA arrays at high density and with the helical axis oriented parallel to the incoming beam showed a six-fold azimuthal modulation of the first order diffraction peak that reflects the macroscopic bond-orientational order. Transition to the less-dense cholesteric phase through osmotically controlled swelling shows the loss of this bond orientational order that had been expected from the change in optical birefringence patterns and that is consistent with a rapid onset of molecular positional disorder. This change in motion was previously inferred from intermolecular force measurements and is now confirmed by 31P\rm ^{31}P NMR. Controlled reversible swelling and compaction under osmotic stress, spanning a range of densities between ∌120\sim 120 mg/ml to ∌600\sim 600 mg/ml, allows measurement of the free energy changes throughout each phase and at the phase transition, essential information for theories of liquid-crystalline states.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures in gif format available at http://abulafia.mgsl.dcrt.nih.gov/pics.html E-mail: [email protected]

    Impact of Gene-Gender Effects of Adrenergic Polymorphisms on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Depressed Patients

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    Objective: There is overwhelming evidence that activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system plays a major role in depression and cardiovascular disease in genetically susceptible individuals. We hypothesized that due to the multiple interactions between the sympathetic and the HPA systems via adrenoceptors, polymorphisms in these genes could have an impact on HPA axis activity in major depression. Methods: Using the dexamethasone/corticotrophin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test, we investigated the association of alpha 2-adrenoceptor (ADRA2A -1291C -> G) and the beta 2-adrenoceptor gene (ADRB2 Arg16Gly) in 189 patients with major depression during the acute state of the disease and after remission. Results: Male ADRA2A -1291G allele homozygotes showed significant pretreatment HPA axis hyperactivity, with increased adrenocorticotropin (ACTH; F = 4.9, d.f. = 2, p = 0.009) and cortisol responses (F = 6.4, d.f. = 2, p = 0.003). In contrast, female ADRB2 Arg/Arg homozygotes had increased pretreatment ACTH (F = 7.17, d.f. = 2, p = 0.001) and cortisol (F = 8.95, d.f. = 2, p = 0.000) levels. Interestingly, in the respective genotypes, the stress hormones remained elevated in the second DEX/CRH test, despite a reduction in depressive symptoms. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that, depending on gender and polymorphisms, there is continuous HPA axis overdrive in a proportion of patients irrespective of the status of depression. Considering the importance of stress hormones for cardiovascular disorders, our data might suggest that these patients are at high risk of comorbidity between depression and cardiovascular disorders. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Base

    ReliabilitÀt der statischen Posturografie bei Àlteren Personen

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    Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Die statische Posturografie ist eine Messmethode fĂŒr die Bewegungen des Körperdruckpunktes. Mit ihr werden beispielsweise Ă€ltere sturzgefĂ€hrdete Patienten untersucht. Ob die statische Posturografie ein reliables Messinstrument bei Ă€lteren Menschen ist, konnte bisher nicht endgĂŒltig geklĂ€rt werden. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die intraindividuelle ReliabilitĂ€t der statischen Posturografie bei Ă€lteren Senioren geprĂŒft werden. Probanden und Methode: Die intraindividuelle ReliabilitĂ€t von 11Messparametern der statischen Posturografie wurde bei 30 Ă€lteren Senioren untersucht. Messparameter waren: die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Druckpunktbewegung in mm/s, die LĂ€nge der Druckpunktbewegung in mm, die SchwankungsflĂ€che in mm2, die Amplituden der Druckpunktbewegung, die Oszillationsachse in Grad und die Neigungswinkel der Patienten in Grad. Die drei Messungen fanden am selben Tag im Abstand von zwei Minuten statt. Sie wurden in vier verschiedenen Testpositionen durchgefĂŒhrt: normaler Stand und Nahstand, jeweils mit offenen und geschlossenen Augen. Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mit Intra-Klassen-Korrelationskoeffizienten. Ergebnisse: Sechs der getesteten Parameter sind sehr gut reliabel, mit einem Korrelationskoeffizienten von jeweils >0,9. Diese sechs Parameter sind: die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Bewegung des Körperdruckpunktes in mm/s im Nahstand, die SchwankungsflĂ€che in mm2 (im Nahstand mit geschlossenen Augen), die LĂ€nge der Druckpunktbewegung in mm (gesamt und in beiden Ebenen) im Normalstand und im Nahstand sowie der Neigungswinkel des Patienten in Grad in der Sagittalebene, im Normalstand und im Nahstand. Von den vier Testpositionen ist die Position "Nahstand mit geschlossenen Augen" am besten geeignet, um reliable Werte zu erhalten. Schlussfolgerung: Sechs der getesteten Parameter können zur Verwendung in Folgestudien empfohlen werden. Als Testposition eignet sich die Position "Nahstand mit geschlossenen Augen". Das vorhandene Messprotokoll liefert reliable Messergebnisse. Ob die verwendeten Parameter zur Diagnostik von Gang- und Balancestörungen geeignet sind, muss in einer Folgestudie geklĂ€rt werde

    ReliabilitÀt der statischen Posturografie bei Àlteren Personen

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    Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch)Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Die statische Posturografie ist eine Messmethode fĂŒr die Bewegungen des Körperdruckpunktes. Mit ihr werden beispielsweise Ă€ltere sturzgefĂ€hrdete Patienten untersucht. Ob die statische Posturografie ein reliables Messinstrument bei Ă€lteren Menschen ist, konnte bisher nicht endgĂŒltig geklĂ€rt werden. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die intraindividuelle ReliabilitĂ€t der statischen Posturografie bei Ă€lteren Senioren geprĂŒft werden. Probanden und Methode: Die intraindividuelle ReliabilitĂ€t von 11 Messparametern der statischen Posturografie wurde bei 30 Ă€lteren Senioren untersucht. Messparameter waren: die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Druckpunktbewegung in mm/s, die LĂ€nge der Druckpunktbewegung in mm, die SchwankungsflĂ€che in mm2, die Amplituden der Druckpunktbewegung, die Oszillationsachse in Grad und die Neigungswinkel der Patienten in Grad. Die drei Messungen fanden am selben Tag im Abstand von zwei Minuten statt. Sie wurden in vier verschiedenen Testpositionen durchgefĂŒhrt: normaler Stand und Nahstand, jeweils mit offenen und geschlossenen Augen. Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mit Intra-Klassen-Korrelationskoeffizienten. Ergebnisse: Sechs der getesteten Parameter sind sehr gut reliabel, mit einem Korrelationskoeffizienten von jeweils >0,9. Diese sechs Parameter sind: die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Bewegung des Körperdruckpunktes in mm/s im Nahstand, die SchwankungsflĂ€che in mm2 (im Nahstand mit geschlossenen Augen), die LĂ€nge der Druckpunktbewegung in mm (gesamt und in beiden Ebenen) im Normalstand und im Nahstand sowie der Neigungswinkel des Patienten in Grad in der Sagittalebene, im Normalstand und im Nahstand. Von den vier Testpositionen ist die Position „Nahstand mit geschlossenen Augen“ am besten geeignet, um reliable Werte zu erhalten. Schlussfolgerung: Sechs der getesteten Parameter können zur Verwendung in Folgestudien empfohlen werden. Als Testposition eignet sich die Position „Nahstand mit geschlossenen Augen“. Das vorhandene Messprotokoll liefert reliable Messergebnisse. Ob die verwendeten Parameter zur Diagnostik von Gang- und Balancestörungen geeignet sind, muss in einer Folgestudie geklĂ€rt werden

    Not all surveillance data are created equal—A multi‐method dynamic occupancy approach to determine rabies elimination from wildlife

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    1. A necessary component of elimination programmes for wildlife disease is effective surveillance. The ability to distinguish between disease freedom and non‐detection can mean the difference between a successful elimination campaign and new epizootics. Understanding the contribution of different surveillance methods helps to optimize and better allocate effort and develop more effective surveillance programmes. 2. We evaluated the probability of rabies virus elimination (disease freedom) in an enzootic area with active management using dynamic occupancy modelling of 10 years of raccoon rabies virus (RABV) surveillance data (2006–2015) collected from three states in the eastern United States. We estimated detection probability of RABV cases for each surveillance method (e.g. strange acting reports, roadkill, surveillance‐trapped animals, nuisance animals and public health samples) used by the USDA National Rabies Management Program. 3. Strange acting, found dead and public health animals were the most likely to detect RABV when it was present, and generally detectability was higher in fall– winter compared to spring–summer. Found dead animals in fall–winter had the highest detection at 0.33 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.48). Nuisance animals had the lowest detection probabilities (~0.02). 4. Areas with oral rabies vaccination (ORV) management had reduced occurrence probability compared to enzootic areas without ORV management. RABV occurrence was positively associated with deciduous and mixed forests and medium to high developed areas, which are also areas with higher raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities. By combining occupancy and detection estimates we can create a probability of elimination surface that can be updated seasonally to provide guidance on areas managed for wildlife disease. 5. Synthesis and applications. Wildlife disease surveillance is often comprised of a combination of targeted and convenience‐based methods. Using a multi‐method analytical approach allows us to compare the relative strengths of these methods, providing guidance on resource allocation for surveillance actions. Applying this multi‐method approach in conjunction with dynamic occupancy analyses better informs management decisions by understanding ecological drivers of disease occurrence

    Knowledge of Bat Rabies and Human Exposure Among United States Cavers

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    We surveyed cavers who attended the National Speleological Society convention in June 2000. Fifteen percent of respondents did not consider a bat bite a risk for acquiring rabies; only 20% had received preexposure prophylaxis against the disease. An under-appreciation of the risk for rabies from bat bites may explain the preponderance of human rabies viruses caused by variant strains associated with bats in the United States
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