Evaluación de la calidad de leches crudas en tres subregiones del departamento de Sucre, Colombia

The objective was to evaluate the physicochemical, microbiological quality, somatic cell count and presence of inhibitors in raw milks in the department of Sucre. 150 samples of raw milk from six storage centers or processing plants from three subregions of the department of Sucre (Sabanas, San Jorge and Gulf of Morrosquillo) were taken using a descriptive cross-sectional study. 25 samples in each collection center that correspond to 25 producers from the different subregions of the department were taken. Microbiological and physiochemical parameters and udder health were determined of a total of 50 samples for each subregion. The data obtained were analyzed according to accepted standards in Colombia. For the most part of the physicochemical parameters, were within the accepted values established in decree 616 of 2006 and decree 1880of 2011(protein ?2.9%, fat ?3.0%, density (15oC) ?1.030, TS ?11.30, SNF ?8.30). The count of colony forming units (CFU/mL) in the different subregions was greater than 600,000 CFU/mL. The somatic cell count (SCC/mL) was greater than 500,000 SCC/mL. In 8% of the sampled milks showed presence of inhibitors. Overall, the raw milk had good physicochemical quality but, the microbiological quality and health of the udder were poor, which requires immediate implementation of programs in order to obtain high quality hygienic milk.El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad fisicoquímica, microbiológica, recuento de células somáticas y presencia de inhibidores en leches crudas en el departamento de Sucre. Mediante un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se tomaron 150 muestras de leche cruda procedentes de seis centros de acopio o plantas procesadoras de tres subregiones del departamento de Sucre (Sabanas, San Jorge y Golfo del Morrosquillo). En cada centro de acopio se tomaron 25 muestras que correspondieron a 25 productores de las diferentes subregiones del departamento, para un total de 50 muestras por cada subregión. Se determinaron parámetros fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos y de sanidad de la ubre. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente en Colombia. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos en su mayoría se hallaron dentro de los valores aceptados establecidos en el decreto 616 de 2006 y el decreto 1880 de 2011(proteína ?2,9%, grasa ?3,0%, densidad (15oC) ?1.030, ST ?11,30, SNG ?8,30). El recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/mL) en las diferentes subregiones fue mayor a 600.000. El recuento de células somáticas (RCS/mL) fue mayor a 500.000. En el 8% de las leches muestreadas se encontró presencia de inhibidores. Se encontró buena calidad fisicoquímica, sin embargo la calidad microbiológica y la sanidad de la ubre son deficientes, lo que requiere de implementación inmediata de programas para la obtención de leches de buena calidad higiénica

Evolución de las enfermedades transmisibles en pacientes extranjeros en la ciudad de Valencia. 2001-2010.

El impacto del fenómeno migratorio iniciado en la última década del siglo XX, nos ha llevado de una población extranjera de 801.329 individuos en 1.999 a cifras de 791.232 en 2.009. Ello ha dado lugar a la publicación de numerosos estudios sobre la utilización de recursos sanitarios, la problemática psicológica, la fecundidad del colectivo y, principalmente, las patologías infecciosas dada la creencia de que las enfermedades transmisibles suponían un riesgo importado para la población española. En 2003 publicamos la frecuentación hospitalaria y el impacto de las enfermedades infecciosas en inmigrantes, el objeto de este trabajo ha sido determinar la frecuentación hospitalaria debida a enfermedades infecciosas y/o parasitarias, tras 10 años del primer estudio. Se desarrolló un estudio observacional longitudinal retrospectivo de motivos de ingreso y diagnósticos al alta de la población inmigrante hospitalizada en la ciudad de Valencia para el periodo 01/01/2006 a 31/12/2010. Se recuperaron 7.212 altas de procesos infecciosos 13.07%), 2.995 enfermedades transmisibles (5,43%). Los pacientes por origen fueron americano (35,83%), europeo (28,55%) y africano (21,60%), lo que representa un aumento importante de la población de África subsahariana con respecto al año 2001. El primer diagnóstico nos permitió ordenar los procesos como tuberculosis (27,62%), paludismo (13,58%), el VIH (10,86%) y la hepatitis (7,81%).Los procesos infecciosos y las enfermedades transmisibles han disminuido en valores absolutos a lo largo de la década 2001-2010, posiblemente por el descenso de las diferencias en el patrón cultural de la población a lo largo de los años de permanencia en España. No obstante, han aumentado en valores absolutos los pacientes del África subsahariana en los que las enfermedades infecciosas representan el 11,43% de las altas

Evaluación económica de los compromises de Colombia en el marco de COP21

The document presents the economic impacts from the fulfillment of Colombia’s commitment of the Paris Agreement on climate change. The traditional analysis is done with marginal curves of abatement costs. However, this technique has a set of limitations, which can be solved with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Using the CGE for Colombia (MEG4C), the results show that growth rate of GDP would increase by 0.15% annually, for the period 2020-2040. On the other hand, the structural unemployment rate is reduced by the implementation of mitigation measures in the medium and long term. Due to the economic structure and the emissions matrix, the implementation of measures should be associated with energy efficiency in the transport, industrial and residential sectors, which will generate positive impacts on economic growth. © 2017, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economia. All rights reserved

Expression, Characterization and Synergistic Interactions of Myxobacter Sp. AL-1 Cel9 and Cel48 Glycosyl Hydrolases

The soil microorganism Myxobacter Sp. AL-1 regulates in a differential manner the production of five extracellular cellulases during its life cycle. The nucleotide sequence of a cel9-cel48 cluster from the genome of this microorganism was recently obtained. Cel48 was expressed in Escherichia coli to generate a His6-Cel48 protein and the biochemical properties of the pure protein were determined. Cel48 was more efficient in degrading acid-swollen avicel (ASC) than carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). On the other hand, cel9 was expressed in Bacillus subtilis from an IPTG-inducible promoter. Zymogram analysis showed that after IPTG-induction, Cel9 existed in both the cell fraction and the culture medium of B. subtilis and the secreted protein was purified to homogeneity by FPLC-ionic exchange chromatography. The exocellobiohydrolase Cel48 showed a synergism of 1.68 times with the endocellulase Cel9 during ASC degradation using an 8.1-fold excess of Cel48 over Cel9. Western blot analysis revealed that both proteins were synthesized and secreted to the culture medium of Myxobacter Sp. AL-1. These results show that the cel9-cel48 cluster encodes functional endo- and exo-acting cellulases that allows Myobacter Sp. AL-1 to hydrolyse cellulose

Elevated Plasma Endothelin-1 and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Children Exposed to Air Pollution

BackgroundControlled exposures of animals and humans to particulate matter (PM) or ozone air pollution cause an increase in plasma levels of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor that regulates pulmonary arterial pressure.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this field study was to determine whether Mexico City children, who are chronically exposed to levels of PM and O3 that exceed the United States air quality standards, have elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels and pulmonary arterial pressures.MethodsWe conducted a study of 81 children, 7.9 ± 1.3 years of age, lifelong residents of either northeast (n = 19) or southwest (n = 40) Mexico City or Polotitlán (n = 22), a control city with PM and O3 levels below the U.S. air quality standards. Clinical histories, physical examinations, and complete blood counts were done. Plasma endothelin-1 concentrations were determined by immunoassay, and pulmonary arterial pressures were measured by Doppler echocardiography.ResultsMexico City children had higher plasma endothelin-1 concentrations compared with controls (p < 0.001). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated in children from both northeast (p < 0.001) and southwest (p < 0.05) Mexico City compared with controls. Endothelin-1 levels in Mexico City children were positively correlated with daily outdoor hours (p = 0.012), and 7-day cumulative levels of PM air pollution < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) before endothelin-1 measurement (p = 0.03).ConclusionsChronic exposure of children to PM2.5 is associated with increased levels of circulating endothelin-1 and elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure

Properties of polyplexes formed between a cationic polymer derived from l-arabinitol and nucleic acids

In this work a sugar-based cationic polymer derived from l-arabinitol, PUArab, was prepared and its interactions with the linear calf thymus DNA and with the circular plasmid pEGFP-C1 were investigated at different N/P ratios. The polyplexes were characterized by using several techniques. For both nucleic acids, a charge inversion was observed, together with a conformational change from a coiled structure to a more compacted one. However, the N/P ratio required to observe the DNA condensation depended on the nucleic acid architecture. PUArab presents low toxicity in several cell lines. The transfection efficiency, TE, of the PUArab/pEGFP-C1 polyplexes was investigated at several N/P ratios in order to study their potential as vectors in gene transfection

Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de una banda de cizallamiento en la secuencia metapelitica de la Formación Silgará, sector Aratoca-Pescadero (region suroccidental del Macizo de Santander)

La secuencia metamórfica de la Formación Silgará que aflora en el sector Pescadero-Aratoca (región&nbsp;suroccidental del Macizo de Santander), presenta evidencias de haber sufrido un importante cizallamiento&nbsp;durante su etapa de exhumación, el cual afectó gran parte de las rocas metamórficas de las zonas del granate&nbsp;y de la estaurolita-distena. Esta deformación dúctil de carácter extensional generó estructuras tales como&nbsp;lineaciones, sombras de presión, zonas de milonitización, pliegues isoclinales recumbentes, pliegues sin raíz,&nbsp;boudines, así como la elongación de cristales de granate y el truncamiento de su zonación química, lo cual&nbsp;apunta a un colapso gravitacional del paleoorógeno Caledoniano en dirección techo hacia el Este. Estos&nbsp;elementos deformacionales, sumados a las evidencias de una importante circulación de fluidos hidrotermales,&nbsp;hacen que esta región del Macizo de Santander merezca especial atención para trabajos de exploración de&nbsp;depósitos mesotermales, especialmente por presentar condiciones favorables para la removilización de oro.The metamorphic sequence of the Silgara Formation that crops out in Pescadero-Aratoca area (southwestern&nbsp;region of the Santander Massif), presents evidences of having suffered an important shear deformation&nbsp;during its exhumation path, which affected great part of the metamorphic rocks from the garnet and staurolitekyanite zones. This ductile deformation of extensional character generated structures such as lineations,&nbsp;pressure shades, milonitization zones, isoclinal recumbent folds, rootless folds, boudins, as well as the&nbsp;elongation of garnet crystals and the truncation of their chemical zonation, which suggest a proccess of gravitational collapse with an East motion, that affected the Caledonian paleo-orogen. These deformational&nbsp;elements, along with the evidences of an important circulation of hydrothermal fluids, make this region of the&nbsp;Santander Massif an important place to pay attention to explore mesotermal deposits, especially for its&nbsp;favorable conditions for the removization of gold

ALTAS HOSPITALARIAS EN POBLACIÓN INMIGRANTE EN 2006-2010 VS. 2001-2002 EN LA CIUDAD DE VALENCIA

A lo largo de la década, la perspectiva social de la inmigración cobra fuerza frente a la pérdida de interés en el estudio de enfermedades infecto-contagiosas que en un principio suscitaron la investigación sobre posibles enfermedades re-emergentes, presumiblemente importadas y “peligrosas” para la salud pública, aspecto que se ha convertido en anecdótico. Nuestro objetivo ha sido caracterizar la demanda hospitalaria y su variación respecto del inicio de la década. Se desarrolló un estudio observacional transversal para el periodo 01/01/06 al 31/12/10, al objeto de cuantificar las causas de hospitalización y los diagnósticos al alta de la población inmigrante atendida en los hospitales públicos de la ciudad de Valencia. Se presentan las frecuencias comparadas con el año 2003: edad, su media y mediana; género y su proporción; proporción de altas hospitalarias por regiones geográficas y proporción de los diez primeros diagnósticos de alta agrupados por categorías diagnósticas. Se recuperaron 22.874 diagnósticos al alta que Correspondieron al marco geográfico y censal de la ciudad de Valencia. La proporción de mujeres se ha incrementado en 4 puntos porcentuales respecto de 2002. Los inmigrantes de origen centro y sudamericano predominan tanto al inicio de la década, 58,66%, como en 2010, 67,09%. La Categoría “Embarazo y Parto” corresponde en ambos estudios a la causa con mayor proporción de altas (37,71% en 2002 vs. 43,95% en 2010). Los Tumores que pasan del séptimo lugar en 2002 (3,83%) al quinto en 2010 (5.30%). Las enfermedades infecciosas suponían un 4,38% al principio de la década y representan en la actualidad un 3,22%, en ambos casos el sexto lugar. La TBC constituye la enfermedad infecciosa más prevalente, con un 31,58% de altas infecciosas, frente a un 18,2% en 2002. La conclusión principal, relacionada con nuestro objetivo, es que la población es ahora todavía más joven que la nacional, por lo que se espera que esta característica dé lugar a unas menores necesidades de atención sanitaria. Coincidimos de nuevo con múltiples autores que inmigración no es sinónimo de problemas sanitarios, sino de retos médicos y sociales

Measurements of Dihadron Correlations Relative to the Event Plane in Au+Au Collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200 GeV

Dihadron azimuthal correlations containing a high transverse momentum (\pt) trigger particle are sensitive to the properties of the nuclear medium created at RHIC through the strong interactions occurring between the traversing parton and the medium, i.e. jet-quenching. Previous measurements revealed a strong modification to dihadron azimuthal correlations in Au+Au collisions with respect to \pp\ and \dAu\ collisions. The modification increases with the collision centrality, suggesting a path-length dependence to the jet-quenching effect. This paper reports STAR measurements of dihadron azimuthal correlations in mid-central (20-60\%) Au+Au collisions at \snn=200~GeV as a function of the trigger particle's azimuthal angle relative to the event plane, \phis=|\phit-\psiEP|. The azimuthal correlation is studied as a function of both the trigger and associated particle \pt. The subtractions of the combinatorial background and anisotropic flow, assuming Zero Yield At Minimum (\zyam), are described. The away-side correlation is strongly modified, and the modification varies with \phis, which is expected to be related to the path-length that the away-side parton traverses. The pseudo-rapidity (\deta) dependence of the near-side correlation, sensitive to long range \deta correlations (the ridge), is also investigated. The ridge and jet-like components of the near-side correlation are studied as a function of \phis. The ridge appears to drop with increasing \phis while the jet-like component remains approximately constant. ...Comment: 50 pages, 39 figures, 6 table

System size and energy dependence of near-side di-hadron correlations

Two-particle azimuthal ($\Delta\phi$) and pseudorapidity ($\Delta\eta$) correlations using a trigger particle with large transverse momentum ($p_T$) in $d$+Au, Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{NN}}}$ =\xspace 62.4 GeV and 200~GeV from the STAR experiment at RHIC are presented. The \ns correlation is separated into a jet-like component, narrow in both $\Delta\phi$ and $\Delta\eta$, and the ridge, narrow in $\Delta\phi$ but broad in $\Delta\eta$. Both components are studied as a function of collision centrality, and the jet-like correlation is studied as a function of the trigger and associated $p_T$. The behavior of the jet-like component is remarkably consistent for different collision systems, suggesting it is produced by fragmentation. The width of the jet-like correlation is found to increase with the system size. The ridge, previously observed in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV, is also found in Cu+Cu collisions and in collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{NN}}}$ =\xspace 62.4 GeV, but is found to be substantially smaller at $\sqrt{s_{{NN}}}$ =\xspace 62.4 GeV than at $\sqrt{s_{{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV for the same average number of participants ($\langle N_{\mathrm{part}}\rangle$). Measurements of the ridge are compared to models.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.