EMERGENCE of GRANULAR-SIZED MAGNETIC BUBBLES THROUGH the SOLAR ATMOSPHERE. II. NON-LTE CHROMOSPHERIC DIAGNOSTICS and INVERSIONS

© 2015. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Magnetic flux emergence into the outer layers of the Sun is a fundamental mechanism for releasing energy into the chromosphere and the corona. In this paper, we study the emergence of granular-sized flux concentrations and the structuring of the corresponding physical parameters and atmospheric diagnostics in the upper photosphere and in the chromosphere. We make use of a realistic 3D MHD simulation of the outer layers of the Sun to study the formation of the Ca ii 8542 line. We also derive semi-empirical 3D models from non-LTE inversions of our observations. These models contain information on the line-of-sight stratifications of temperature, velocity, and the magnetic field. Our analysis explains the peculiar Ca ii 8542 profiles observed in the flux emerging region. Additionally, we derive detailed temperature and velocity maps describing the ascent of a magnetic bubble from the photosphere to the chromosphere. The inversions suggest that, in active regions, granular-sized bubbles emerge up to the lower chromosphere where the existing large-scale field hinders their ascent. We report hints of heating when the field reaches the chromosphere.he authors thank J. Leenaarts and L. Rouppe van der Voort for illuminating discussions. J. de la Cruz Rodriguez acknowledges financial support from the CHROMOBS project funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. L. Bellot Rubio is funded by grants AYA2012-39636-C06-05 and ESP2013-47349-C6-1-R of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, including a percentage from European FEDER funds.Peer Reviewe

The Variable Scale Evacuation Model (VSEM): a new tool for simulating massive evacuation processes during volcanic crises

Volcanic eruptions are among the most awesome and powerful displays of nature's force, constituting a major natural hazard for society (a single eruption can claim thousands of lives in an instant). Consequently, assessment and management of volcanic risk have become critically important goals of modern volcanology. Over recent years, numerous tools have been developed to evaluate volcanic risk and support volcanic crisis management: probabilistic analysis of future eruptions, hazard and risk maps, event trees, etc. However, there has been little improvement in the tools that may help Civil Defense officials to prepare Emergency Plans. Here we present a new tool for simulating massive evacuation processes during volcanic crisis: the Variable Scale Evacuation Model (VSEM). The main objective of the VSEM software is to optimize the evacuation process of Emergency Plans during volcanic crisis. For this, the VSEM allows the simulation of an evacuation considering different strategies depending on diverse impact scenarios. VSEM is able to calculate the required time for the complete evacuation taking into account diverse evacuation scenarios (number and type of population, infrastructure, road network, etc.) and to detect high-risk or "blackspots" of the road network. The program is versatile and can work at different scales, thus being capable of simulating the evacuation of small villages as well as huge cities

The Politics of Fiscal Federalism: Building a Stronger Decentralization Theorem

We explore how party structures can condition the benefits of decentralization in modern democracies. In particular, we study the interaction of two political institutions: democratic (de)centralization (whether a country has fiscally autonomous and elected local governments) and party (non)integration (whether power over local party leaders flows upwards through party institutions, which we model using control over candidate selection). We incorporate these institutions into our strong decentralization theorem, which expands on Oates (1972) to examine when the decentralized provision of public services will dominate centralized provision even in the presence of inter-jurisdictional spillovers. Our findings suggest that, when externalities are present, democratic decentralization will be beneficial only when parties are integrated. In countries with non-integrated parties, we find that the participation rules of primaries have implications for the expected gains from democratic decentralization. Under blanket primaries, Oates’ conventional decentralization theorem holds but our strong decentralization theorem does not. By contrast, when primaries are closed, not even Oates’ conventional decentralization theorem holds

Effect of diet on live weight and egg weight of backyard hens during the rainy season

The objective was to determine the effect of diet on live weight (LW) and egg weight (EW) of backyard hens (BH) during the rainy season in the Bajío region of the state of Michoacán, Mexico. Seventeen municipalities were sampled, where 101 BH (six hens/municipality) were captured and weighed and 101 eggs (six eggs/municipality) were harvested and weighed. The crops of the captured hens were removed Post-sacrifice, the organic content/crop (OCC) was classified and weighed by components, to later perform chemical compositional analysis. Data were analysed using generalised linear models and the differences between municipalities were obtained by the method of least squares means. The weight of the OCC (36.4 ± 22.4 g) was affected by the municipality (P<0.001), but not by the LW of the BH (P>0.05). Commercial feed (8.1 ± 6.0 g), grains: maize and sorghum (13.9 ± 13.5 g) kitchen waste (1.5 ± 2.9 g), herbaceous (0.6 ± 0.9 g) and insects (0.3 ± 0.7 g) were found in the crop. According to the commercial feed (COF) component, two feeding systems (FS) were identified: traditional FS, without COF and nontraditional FS, with COF. The diets of both FS were similar (P>0.05) in nutritional composition and do not meet the nutritional requirements of the hens. The LW (1.567 ± 0.316 kg) and EW (51.3 ± 1.0 g) of the BH cannot be completely attributed to the diet consumed during the rainy season

Características agronómicas y calidad nutricional de los frutos y semillas de zapallo Cucurbita sp.

The Butternut Squash is food security in ancient pre-Columbian America for its agronomic plasticity and culinary versatility. Today its value in use is evident in both its diversity within the genus Cucurbita and 20-27 species, where the most used are: Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo, C. argyrosperma; C. ficifolia. The high biological value in the pulp (80% in vitro digestibility) and oil in the seeds (45%), where 55% are unsaturated (56% linoleic acid) fatty. The processed pumpkin is a competitive and sustainable raw material for agro food industry, and is a source of carotenoids, lutein, Vitamima A, Vitamin C, starch, long chain polyunsaturated oils, and this entire means an increase in research in squash due to its comprehensive utility in the pulp and seed.El zapallo es seguridad alimentaria en América ancestral precolombina por su plasticidad agronómica y versatilidad culinaria. En la actualidad su valor de uso es evidente, tanto en su diversidad dentro del género Cucurbita y sus 20 a 27 especies, donde las más utilizadas son: Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. Pepo, C. argyrosperma; C. ficifolia. El alto valor biológico en la pulpa (80% de digestibilidad in vitro) y aceite en las semillas (45%), donde el 55% son ácidos grasos insaturados (56% de ácido linoleíco). El zapallo procesado es una materia prima competitiva y sostenible para la industria agroalimentaria, y es fuente de carotenoides, luteina, Vitamima A, Vitamina C, almidones, aceites polinsaturados de cadena larga, y todo ello supone un aumento en la investigación en zapallo debido a su utilidad integral, tanto en la pulpa como en la semilla

Percepción universitaria de las clases virtuales durante la COVID-19

As a result of the declaration of the global pandemic due to COVID-19, universities around the world had to adapt their classes to the online mode for long periods or alternate this mode with face-to-face. The lack of planning related to this change could have consequences on teaching. This study aimed to know the perception of university students about online classes during this pandemic period and to analyze some variables associated with the degree of acceptance of these classes. To do this, 266 students belonging to 20 different degrees and 14 Spanish universities have been surveyed. A questionnaire was developed based on previous studies to collect information on the experience of the students with the online modality, the comparison between the online and face-to-face modality in terms of advantages and disadvantages, and satisfaction with the online modality. The results indicate that more than half of the students surveyed prefer face-to-face training, although they perceive some advantages associated with online training. Students also perceived face-to-face training as more effective in achieving learning objectives. Satisfaction with online teaching was related to greater interaction with peers, greater student involvement in training, and better perception of the role the teacher.A raíz de la declaración de la pandemia mundial debida a la COVID-19, las universidades de todo el mundo tuvieron que adaptar sus clases a la modalidad en línea durante largos períodos o alternar esta modalidad con la presencialidad. La escasa planificación con la que se pudo afrontar este cambio pudo tener consecuencias sobre la enseñanza. Este estudio se ha dirigido a conocer la percepción del alumnado universitario sobre las clases en línea durante este período de pandemia y a analizar algunas variables asociadas al grado de aceptación de estas clases. Para ello se ha encuestado a 266 estudiantes pertenecientes a 20 titulaciones distintas y a 14 universidades españolas. Se elaboró un cuestionario a partir de estudios previos para recoger información sobre la experiencia que los estudiantes tenían con la modalidad en línea, ventajas e inconvenientes respecto a la presencial y el grado de satisfacción. Los resultados señalan que más de la mitad de los estudiantes encuestados prefiere la formación presencial, aunque perciban algunas ventajas de la modalidad en línea. Los estudiantes también percibieron como más eficaz la formación presencial para conseguir los objetivos de aprendizaje. La satisfacción con la enseñanza en línea se relacionó con la mayor interacción con los compañeros, la mayor implicación del estudiante en la formación y la mejor percepción del rol desempeñado por el docente

Origin of the (2)E <->(4)T(2) Fano resonance in Cr(3+)-doped LiCaAlF(6): Pressure-induced excited-state crossover.

This work investigates pressure-induced phase transition (PT) and excited-state-crossover effects on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of LiCaAlF(6):Cr(3+). We report a PL study by means of time-resolved emission, excitation, and lifetime measurements as a function of pressure. We focus on Cr(3+) PL variations around pressure-induced trigonal-to-monoclinic first-order PT in LiCaAlF6 at 7 GPa. Moreover, the structural requirements for changing Cr(3+) PL from a broadband emission at 1.59 eV (781 nm) at ambient conditions, to a rubylike narrow-line emission at 1.87 eV (663 nm) are analyzed in the 0-35 GPa range. We show how pressure progressively transforms Cr(3+) broadband PL into a rubylike emission that becomes the dominant feature of the room-temperature emission spectrum at 28 GPa. This behavior, together with the pressure dependences of the (2)E and (4)T(2) excited-states energy and PL lifetime, are explained on the basis of the electron-phonon coupling associated with the (4)T(2) and (2)E states. We demonstrate that both excited states interact through spin-orbit coupling yielding Fano resonance rather than antiresonance as is frequently assumed

Lerneosis en peces silvestres y cultivados del centro de Argentina

The genus Lernaea (Crustacea) comprises ectoparasitic copepods with worldwide distribution. Lernaea causes damage in the skin of fishes and facilitate secondary infections. In the present work, several outbreaks of lernaeosis in the central region of Argentina, the ichthyofauna involved and their main epidemiological features were assessed. In 41 cases from 1993 to 2006, 14 species from five provinces were affected. The fishes were either cultured or wild and ornamental or edible. The parasite was determined as Lernaea cyprinacea L. 1758. The intensity of infection was correlated with water temperature (rs= 0.71, P 0.05). Among the ornamental species, Carassius auratus had the most prevalence. In several outbreaks, L. cyprinacea was a part of a multiaetiological complex causing fish mortalities.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Infección por VPH en mujeres con artritis reumatoide

Antecedentes: el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es el principal factor de riesgo de cáncer de cuello uterino, que sigue siendo la neoplasia más frecuente en nuestro país. Existen datos que muestran que los pacientes con inmunosupresión son más propensos a la infección por VPH. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de la infección por VPH en pacientes con artritis reumatoide comparada con mujeres pareadas por edad de población abierta. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, comparativo y observacional en mujeres con artritis reumatoide y mujeres sin enfermedad reumática a las que se les realizó citología cervical, detección y tipificación del VPH. Se analizaron los datos mediante las pruebas de la ji al cuadrado, exacta de Fisher, Mann Whitney y razón de momios. Resultados: se incluyeron 77 mujeres con artritis reumatoide comparadas con un grupo de 77 mujeres sin artritis reumatoide y de edad similar. Se encontró una frecuencia de infección por VPH en 37 pacientes con artritis reumatoide (48%) contra 17 mujeres sin ésta (22%) [OR 3.1551 IC 95%(1.56 – 6.35) p= 0.001]. Los tipos de VPH 83 y 59 fueron más frecuentes en las mujeres con artritis reumatoide mientras en los controles se encontró el 59, 81 y 54. No se encontró relación con la duración de la enfermedad, el uso de esteroides o inmunosupresión. Conclusiones: la infección por VPH es más frecuente en mujeres con artritis reumatoide comparada con las que no tienen esta enfermedad reumática