Dengue Control Model, Abate Sowing and Larvitrap Installation in Dengue Endemic Areas of Kupang City

The bite of the Aedes sp mosquito causes nearly 0 million people to be infected with the dengue virus annually, one of areas declared as an endemic area is East Nusa Tenggara Province. 5669 cases and 58 deaths due to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were found in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2020 (CFR 1.02%). Highly influential external factors include the availability of clean water, the crisis of drinking water and clean water, and poor condition of water container that do not meet the requirements. This study aims to manage Larvitrap installation movement and abatezation of the water containers in the community/households in Kupang City. This was a observational study with survey design regarding the installation of Larvitrap tool. The density of mosquito larvae was measured based on the House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau index (BI). 383 families were involved as the study samples who were selected using the accidental sampling technique. The results showed that there were 866 units of water resevoir (47.8%). Fatululi Village had the highest percentage of indoor water container by 15.7% (140 units), and Oesapa Village had the highest percentage of outdoor water container by 15.5% (143 units). The highest percentage of positive indoor water container was found in TDM and Kelapa Lima by 30.4%, while the highest percentage of positive outdoor water container was found in TDM village by 48.4%. Aedes aegypti larvae and Aedes albopictus larvae were identified in the indoor and outdoor water containers in TDM Village, while that were only aedes aegypti larvae found in six other villages. The positive larvitrap larvae found in Oebufu Village was 15%, 10% was found in Oesapa Village, while there were no larvae found in 5 other villages. The flick density index obtained the highest House Index (HI) in Kelapa Lima village by 58.33%, the highest Container Index (CI) was found in TDM village by 44.03% and the highest Breteau Index (BI) was found in TDM village by 218.75%. It can be concluded that it is necessary to conduct education on mosquito larvae control that involves active community participation and supervision towards weekly draining of community water containers. In addition, abate sprinkling and dengue vector control activities should be carried out simultaneously throughout Kupang City at the beginning of the rainy season, at the peak of case incidence and at the end of the rainy season.     

Analisis Kebutuhan Air Bersih Kota Kupang Menurut Ketersediaan Sumber Air Bersih dan Zona Pelayanan

Peningkatan jumlah dan kepadatan penduduk di perkotaan akibat urbanisasi, masalah kemiskinan serta buruknya kemampuan manajerial operator air minum itu sendiri juga ikut menjadi penyebab rendahnya kemampuan penduduk mengakses air minum yang layak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kebutuhan air bersih masyarakat Kota Kupang berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber air dan zona pelayanan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kota Kupang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif menggunakan metode survei yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran sumber air potensial yang dikelola oleh PDAM Kabupaten Kupang dan proyeksi penduduk serta kebutuhan air bersihnya sampai dengan tahun 2030. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Kota Kupang menggunakan sumber air yang berasal dari mata air sebanyak 13 buah dan 12 buah sumur bor dengan kapasitas pelayanan mencapai 296,26 Liter/detik. Proyeksi penduduk Kota Kupang sampai dengan tahun 2030 mencapai 601.263 jiwa dengan kebutuhan air bersihnya mencapai 695,9 Liter/detik. Zona pelayanan air bersihnya dibagi atas 8 zona pelayanan. Kesimpulannya adalah kapasitas air bersih hingga tahun 2030 belum mencukupi standar rata-rata kebutuhan air bersih untuk masyarakat Kota Kupang

A Simulation of Biological Prosesses in the Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool at 165 deg E

A nine-year simulation (1984-1992) of biological processes in the equatorial Pacific Warm Pool is presented. A modified version of the 4-component (phytoplankton, zooplankton, nitrate and ammonium) ecosystem model by McClain et al. (1996) is used. Modifications include use of a spectral model for computation of PAR and inclusion of fecal pellet remineralization and ammonium nitrification. The physical parameters (horizontal and vertical velocities and temperature) required by the ecosystem model were derived from an improved version of the Gent and Cane (1990) ocean general circulation model (Murtugudde and Busalacchi, 1997). Surface downwelling spectral irradiance was estimated using the clear-sky models of Frouin et al. (1989) and Gregg and Carder (1990) and cloud cover information from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). The simulations indicate considerable variability on interannual time scales in all four ecosystem components. In particular, surface chlorophyll concentrations varied by an order of magnitude with maximum values exceeding 0.30 mg/cu m in 1988, 1989, and 1990, and pronounced minimums during 1987 and 1992. The deep chlorophyll maximum ranged between 75 and 125 meters with values occasionally exceeding 0.40 mg/cu m. With the exception of the last half of 1988, surface nitrate was always near depletion. Ammonium exhibited a subsurface maximum just below the DCM with concentrations as high as 0.5 mg-atN/cu m . Total integrated annual primary production varied between 40 and 250 gC/sq m/yr with an annual average of 140 gC/sq m/yr. Finally, the model is used to estimate the mean irradiance at the base of the mixed layer, i.e., the penetration irradiance, which was 18 Watts/sq m over the nine year period. The average mixed layer depth was 42 m

An Iron-Based Ecosystem Model of the Central Equatorial Pacific

The central and eastern equatorial Pacific region is characterized by lower than expected phytoplankton biomass and primary production given the relatively high ambient nitrate concentrations. These unusual conditions have spawned several field programs and laboratory experiments to determine why this high nitrate-low chlorophyll pattern persists in this region. To synthesize the results from these field programs, as well as providing additional evidence in support of the iron hypothesis, we developed a one-dimensional, nine-component ecosystem model of 0 degrees N 140 degrees W. The model components include two phytoplankton size fractions, two zooplankton size fractions, two detrital size fractions, dissolved iron, nitrate, and ammonium. The model was run for 5 years (1990-1994) and was forced using an atmospheric radiative transfer model, an ocean general circulation model (GCM), and in situ data. To our knowledge, this is the first ecosystem model at 0 degrees N 140 degrees W to synthesize the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Equatorial Pacific Process Study (JGOFS EqPac) data set, as well as to use both in situ and modeled physical data to drive the model. Modeled phytoplankton, zooplankton, and iron all varied on interannual timescales due to El Nino events. Total phytoplankton biomass increased by as much as 40% from early 1992 (El Nino warm) to 1993 (normal). The results also indicate that the biomass increase during a cool period is not constant for each phytoplankton component, but instead the increase is most evident in the netphytoplankton (\u3e10 mu m). Netphytoplankton increase from a low of 0.1% of the total chlorophyll in 1992 to a high of 30% of the total in 1993. Microzooplankton grazing rates fluctuated in response to changes in nanophytoplankton growth rates, whereas mesozooplankton grazing was unrelated to netphytoplankton growth rates. The magnitude and temporal variability of phytoplankton chlorophyll agreed well with in situ data collected during 1992. Modeled primary production was lower than measured during El Nino but agreed with observations during normal conditions. The low primary productivity was probably a result of downwelling produced by the physical model. New production was calculated from total and recycled iron rather than nitrate-based production and was more variable in general and almost 3 times the nitrate-based new production during non-El Nino conditions

Model Pemberantasan DBD dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Larvitrap Sebagai Perangkap Jentik dan Nyamuk, Abatisasi dengan Metode Tabur serta Pemberdayaan Jurbastik dalam Rangka Menurunkan Kasus DBD di Kota Kupang Tahun 2022

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan virus dengue ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes sp dan telah menyebabkan hampir 390 juta orang terinfeksi setiap tahunnya, salah satunya di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) yang dinyatakan sebagai wilayah endemis DBD. Jumlah kasus DBD di Propinsi NTT tahun 2020 sebanyak 5669 kasus dan meninggal 58 orang (CFR = 1,02%). Kondisi geografis dan lingkungan Kota Kupang mendukung perkembangbiakan nyamuk Aedes aegepty sehingga KLB DBD terjadi setiap tahunnya. Faktor eksternal yang sangat berpengaruh adalah ketersediaan air bersih, krisis air minum dan air bersih, serta sebagian besar tempat penampungan air (TPA) tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan upaya terobosan dan inovasi berupa model pemberantasan DBD menggunakan teknologi larvitrap sebagai perangkap jentik dan nyamuk, abatisasi dengan metode tabur serta pemberdayaan jurbastik (juru pembasmi jentik). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan aksi gerakan pemasangan Larvitrap dan melakukan abatisasi pada Tempat Penampungan Air (TPA) di masyarakat/rumah tangga dengan maksud untuk mencegah tingginya angka kasus DBD di Kota Kupang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Experiment dengan rancangan penelitian pre and post test design. Sebelum melakukan intervensi pemasangan alat Larvitrap dilakukan pengukuran angka kepadatan jentik nyamuk sebelum intervensi dengan mengukur House Index (HI), Container index (CI), serta Breteau index (BI), dan setelah pemasangan dalam periode tertentu diukur kembali angka kepadatan jentiknya. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh rumah tangga (RT) di daerah endemis DBD Kota Kupang sebanyak 95.000 KK/rumah tangga dengan metode pengambilan sampel dengan cara total sampel sebanyak 427 KK. Hasil penelitian menunjukan TPA terbanyak tempayan 866 unit (47,8%). Kelurahan Fatululi dengan persentasi TPA dalam terbesar yaitu 15,7% (140 buah), dan Kelurahan Oesapa dengan TPA di luar rumah terbesar 15.5% (143 buah). Persentasi TPA di dalam rumah positif terbesar adalah keluarahan TDM dan Kelapa lima sebesar 30,4%, sedangkan TPA luar rumah positif terbesar kelurahan TDM 48.4%. TPA positif jentik hasil identifikasi di temukan jentik Aedes aegipty dan Aedes albopictus pada TPA dalam dan luar rumah di Kelurahan TDM, sedangkan enam kelurahan lain ditemukan jentik aedes aegipty. Persentasi Larvitrap yang positif jentik ditemukan di Kelurahan Oebufu 15 %, keluarahan Oesapa 10% sedangkan 5 kelurahan lainnya tidak ditemukan jentik. Indeks kepadatan jentik ditemukan House Indeks (HI) tertinggi kelurahan Kelapa Lima 58,33%, Contener indeks (CI) tertinggi kelurahan TDM 44,03% dan Breteau indeks (BI) tertinggi kelurahan TDM 218,75%.Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian, maka disarankan kepada masyarakat dan petugas kesehatan dan pengambil kebijakan agar dilakukan pengendalian secara komprehensif, terpadu dan berkelanjutan dengan melibatkan partisipasi aktif masyarakat sebagai pelaku

Yeast thioredoxin reductase Trr1p controls TORC1-regulated processes

The thioredoxin system plays a predominant role in the control of cellular redox status. Thioredoxin reductase fuels the system with reducing power in the form of NADPH. The TORC1 complex promotes growth and protein synthesis when nutrients, particularly amino acids, are abundant. It also represses catabolic processes, like autophagy, which are activated during starvation. We analyzed the impact of yeast cytosolic thioredoxin reductase TRR1 deletion under different environmental conditions. It shortens chronological life span and reduces growth in grape juice fermentation. TRR1 deletion has a global impact on metabolism during fermentation. As expected, it reduces oxidative stress tolerance, but a compensatory response is triggered, with catalase and glutathione increasing. Unexpectedly, TRR1 deletion causes sensitivity to the inhibitors of the TORC1 pathway, such as rapamycin. This correlates with low Tor2p kinase levels and indicates a direct role of Trr1p in its stability. Markers of TORC1 activity, however, suggest increased TORC1 activity. The autophagy caused by nitrogen starvation is reduced in the trr1Δ mutant. Ribosomal protein Rsp6p is dephosphorylated in the presence of rapamycin. This dephosphorylation diminishes in the TRR1 deletion strain. These results show a complex network of interactions between thioredoxin reductase Trr1p and the processes controlled by TOR

Analysis of Clean Water Needs in Kupang City According to the Availability of Clean Water Sources and Service Zones

The increase in the number and density of population in urban areas due to urbanization, the problem of poverty and poor managerial ability of drinking water operators have contributed to the low ability of residents to access water fit for drinking. This study aims to understand the needs of clean water in Kupang City according to the availability of water sources and service zones. This research was conducted in Kupang City. The method used was descriptive study that aims to get an idea of the potential water sources that were managed by the local drinking water companyof Kupang Regency, and the population projectionas well as their need for clean water by 2030. The results showed that water sources utilized by the community in Kupang city were 13 springs and 13 artesian wellswith aservice capacity that reached up to 296,26 Liter/second. Kupang City population projections up to 2030 reached 601.263 inhabitants with the average water needs until the year 2030 up to 695,9 Liters/ second. The clean water service zones in Kupang city was divided into 8 service zones. In conclusion, the clean water capacity till the year 2030 is still not sufficient to cover the average standard of clean water that is required for the people of Kupang City