Adult participation in children’s word searches: on the use of prompting, hinting, and supplying a model

Although word searching in children is very common, very little is known about how adults support children in the turns following the child’s search behaviours, an important topic because of the social, educational and clinical implications. This study characterises, in detail, teachers’ use of prompting, hinting and supplying a model. From a classroom dataset of 53 instances, several distinctive patterns emerged. A prompted completion sequence is initiated by a ‘word retrieval elicitor’ (‘fishing’) and is interpreted as a request to complete the phrase. Non-verbal prompting is accomplished through a combination of gaze and gesture and, also, as a series of prompts. Hinting supplies a verbal clue, typically via a wh-question, or by specifying the nature of the repairable. In contrast, the strategies that supply a linguistic model include both embedded and exposed corrections and offers of candidates. A sequential relationship was found between prompting, hinting and supplying a model which has implications for how clinicians and teachers can foster self-repair

Randomization Inference in a Group–Randomized Trial of Treatments for Depression: Covariate Adjustment, Noncompliance and Quantile Effects

In the Prospect Study, in ten pairs of two primary-care practices, one practice was picked at random to receive a “depression care manager” to treat its depressed patients. Randomization inference, properly performed, reflects the assignment of practices, not patients, to treatment or control. Yet, pertinent data describe individual patients: depression outcomes, baseline covariates, compliance with treatment. The methods discussed use only (i) the random assignment of clusters to treatment or control and (ii) the hypothesis about effects being tested or inverted for confidence intervals, so they are randomization inferences in Fisher\u27s strict sense. There is no assumption that the covariance model generated the data, that compliers resemble noncompliers, that dependence is from additive random cluster effects, that individuals in a same cluster do not interfere with one another, or that units are sampled from a population. We contrast methods of covariance adjustment, never assuming the models are “true,” obtaining exact randomization inferences. We consider exact inference about effects proportional to doses with noncompliance and effects whose magnitude varies with the degree of improvement that would occur without treatment. A simulation examines power

Бухгалтерский и налоговый учет основных средств

Цель статьи: обосновать существующие различия в бухгалтерском и налоговом учете основных средств

Excitonic magneto-optics in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides: From nanoribbons to two-dimensional response

The magneto-optical response of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), including excitonic effects, is studied using a nanoribbon geometry. We compute the diagonal optical conductivity and the Hall conductivity. Comparing the excitonic optical Hall conductivity to results obtained in the independent particle approximation, we find an increase in the amplitude corresponding to one order of magnitude when excitonic effects are included. The Hall conductivities are used to calculate Faraday rotation spectra for MoS2 and WSe2. Finally, we have also calculated the diamagnetic shift of the exciton states of WSe2 in different dielectric environments. Comparing the calculated diamagnetic shift to recent experimental measurements, we find a very good agreement between the two.QUSCOPE Center, sponsored by the Vil- lum Foundation. Additionally, T.G.P. is supported by the Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), which is sponsored by the Danish National Research Founda- tion, Project No. DNRF103. N.M.R.P. acknowledges support from the European Commission through the project “Graphene-Driven Revolutions in ICT and Be- yond” (Ref. No. 785219), COMPETE2020, PORTU- GAL2020, FEDER and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through project POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-028114 and in the framework of the Strategic Financing UID/FIS/04650/201

Efficient Nonparametric Estimation of Causal Effects in Randomized Trials With Noncompliance

Causal approaches based on the potential outcome framework provide a useful tool for addressing noncompliance problems in randomized trials. We propose a new estimator of causal treatment effects in randomized clinical trials with noncompliance. We use the empirical likelihood approach to construct a profile random sieve likelihood and take into account the mixture structure in outcome distributions, so that our estimator is robust to parametric distribution assumptions and provides substantial finite-sample efficiency gains over the standard instrumental variable estimator. Our estimator is asymptotically equivalent to the standard instrumental variable estimator, and it can be applied to outcome variables with a continuous, ordinal or binary scale. We apply our method to data from a randomized trial of an intervention to improve the treatment of depression among depressed elderly patients in primary care practices

The bile duct ligated rat : a relevant model to study muscle mass loss in cirrhosis

Muscle mass loss and hepatic encephalopathy (complex neuropsychiatric disorder) are serious complications of chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) which impact negatively on clinical outcome and quality of life and increase mortality. Liver disease leads to hyperammonemia and ammonia toxicity is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. However, the effects of ammonia are not brain-specific and therefore may also affect other organs and tissues including muscle. The precise pathophysiological mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in chronic liver disease remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we characterized body composition as well as muscle protein synthesis in cirrhotic rats with hepatic encephalopathy using the 6-week bile duct ligation (BDL) model which recapitulates the main features of cirrhosis. Compared to sham-operated control animals, BDL rats display significant decreased gain in body weight, altered body composition, decreased gastrocnemius muscle mass and circumference as well as altered muscle morphology. Muscle protein synthesis was also significantly reduced in BDL rats compared to control animals. These findings demonstrate that the 6-week BDL experimental rat is a relevant model to study liver disease-induced muscle mass loss

Lignin peroxidase mediated biotransformations useful in the biocatalytic production of vanillin

This research concentrates on lignin peroxidase (LiP) mediated biotrans-formations that are useful in producing vanillin.In order to obtain this extracellular enzyme, the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 was cultivated on nitrogen rich medium. This procedure resulted in a successful LiP production of 600 U/L. Peptone in the culture medium was shown to interfere with the standard LiP assay in which the formation of veratraldehyde (VAD) from veratryl alcohol (VA) is monitored. Removal of peptone by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation minimized the interference.BOS55 excreted at least seven LiP isozymes of which two were purified and characterized. The predominant LiP isozyme (LiP-2) oxidized VA to VAD in the pH range from 2.5 to 6.5. The VA oxidizing activity was optimal at the lowest pH. The K m for H 2 O 2 was strongly depended on the pH. At pH 5.0, a physiological pH, the Km for H 2 O 2 was similar to the extracellular H 2 O 2 concentration measured in cultures of BOS55.A model based on calculated ionisation potentials (IP) was developed to predict which potential vanillin precursor would be oxidized by LiP. By testing a series of non-phenolic aromatic compounds, of which the IP was calculated, an IP-threshold value of 9.0 eV was determined. This value was used to select compounds with a lower IP like O -acetyl coniferyl alcohol, and O -acetyl isoeugenol (isoeugenyl acetate, IEA). Indeed, these compounds were consumed and in part converted into vanillyl acetate, the acetyl ester of vanillin.IEA was studied to elucidate mechanisms of its oxidation andcleavage of the propenyl side chain in IEA into vanillyl acetate. It was found that IEA was consumed via redox mediation. IEA was only oxidized in the presence of the redox mediator VA. The latter was first oxidized by LiP to the radical cation (VA · +) which in its turn oxidized IEA to its corresponding radical cation IEA · +. The followingcleavage reaction was the result of O 2 -dependent chemical reactions which resulted in vanillyl acetate and ethanal.The isoeugenol methyl ether (DMPP) was also used to investigate the consumption and thecleavage mechanism. DMPP was not only consumed enzymatically, but also by O 2 -dependent self-propagating reactions. Mn 2+inhibited this chemical consumption. Since Mn 2+also inhibited the molar yield of the predominantcleavage product, VAD, it was concluded that this product was formed also during these chemical reactions. An other VAD producing route was discovered by incubating a DMPP oxidation side product, 1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanone (DMPA) with LiP. Interestingly, VAD was only formed in the presence of O 2 . Without O 2 , solely DMPA dimers were detected by GC-MS.</p

Parent-child interaction in Nigerian families: conversation analysis, context and culture

This paper uses a conversation analysis (CA) approach to explore parent child interaction (PCI) within Nigerian families. We illustrate how speech and language therapists (SLTs), by using CA, can tailor recommendations according to the interactional style of each individual family that are consonant with the family’s cultural beliefs. Three parent-child dyads were videoed playing and talking together in their home environments. The analysis uncovered a preference for instructional talk similar to that used in the classroom. Closer examination revealed that this was not inappropriate when considering the context of the activities and their perceived discourse role. Furthermore, this was not necessarily at the expense of responsivity or semantic contingency. The preference for instructional talk appeared to reflect deeply held cultural beliefs about the role of adults and children within the family and it is argued that the cultural paradigm is vitally important to consider when evaluating PCI. Given a potential risk that such young children may be vulnerable in terms of language difficulties, we offer an example of how PCI can be enhanced to encourage language development without disrupting the naturally occurring talk or the underlying purpose of the interaction

Achieving Effective Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy in Primary Care: The Role of Depression Care Management in Treating Late-Life Depression

To estimate the effect of an evidence-based depression care management (DCM) intervention on the initiation and appropriate use of antidepressant in primary care patients with late-life depression. DESIGN : Secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial. SETTING : Community, primary care. PARTICIPANTS : Randomly selected individuals aged 60 and older with routine appointments at 20 primary care clinics randomized to provide a systematic DCM intervention or care as usual. METHODS : Rates of antidepressant use and dose adequacy of patients in the two study arms were compared at each patient assessment (baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months). For patients without any antidepressant treatment at baseline, a longitudinal analysis was conducted using multilevel logistic models to compare the rate of antidepressant treatment initiation, dose adequacy when initiation was first recorded, and continued therapy for at least 4 months after initiation between study arms. All analyses were conducted for the entire sample and then repeated for the subsample with major or clinically significant minor depression at baseline. RESULTS : Rates of antidepressant use and dose adequacy increased over the first year in patients assigned to the DCM intervention, whereas the same rates held constant in usual care patients. In longitudinal analyses, the DCM intervention had a significant effect on initiation of antidepressant treatment (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=5.63, P <.001) and continuation of antidepressant medication for at least 4 months (OR=6.57, P =.04) for patients who were depressed at baseline. CONCLUSIONS : Evidence-based DCM models are highly effective at improving antidepressant treatment in older primary care patients.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66406/1/j.1532-5415.2009.02226.x.pd