New tumour entities in the 4th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck tumours: odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumours.

The latest (4th) edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck tumours has recently been published with a number of significant changes across all tumour sites. In particular, there has been a major attempt to simplify classifications and to use defining criteria which can be used globally in all situations, avoiding wherever possible the use of complex molecular techniques which may not be affordable or widely available. This review summarises the changes in Chapter 8: Odontogenic and maxillofacial bone lesions. The most significant change is the re-introduction of the classification of the odontogenic cysts, restoring this books status as the only text which classifies and defines the full range of lesions of the odontogenic tissues. The consensus group considered carefully the terminology of lesions and were concerned to ensure that the names used properly reflected the best evidence regarding the true nature of specific entities. For this reason, this new edition restores the odontogenic keratocyst and calcifying odontogenic cyst to the classification of odontogenic cysts and rejects the previous terminology (keratocystic odontogenic tumour and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour) which were intended to suggest that they are true neoplasms. New entities which have been introduced include the sclerosing odontogenic carcinoma and primordial odontogenic tumour. In addition, some previously poorly defined lesions have been removed, including the ameloblastic fibrodentinoma, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, which are probably developing odontomas, and the odontoameloblastoma, which is not regarded as an entity. Finally, the terminology "cemento" has been restored to cemento-ossifying fibroma and cemento-osseous dysplasias, to properly reflect that they are of odontogenic origin and are found in the tooth-bearing areas of the jaws

A Comparative Evaluation of Carcass Quality, Nutritional Value, and Consumer Preference of Oreochromis niloticus from Two Impoundments with Different Pollution Levels in Zimbabwe

The objective of the study was to determine the quality and consumer preferences of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from two water bodies with different pollution levels and trophic states. Water quality assessment of the two impoundments was carried out. Fish were sampled from hypereutrophic Lake Chivero and oligomesotrophic Lake Kariba for proximate analysis, carcass quality, and sensory evaluation. Conductivity, dissolved oxygen, transparency, ammonia, total phosphates, reactive phosphates, and chlorophyll a were significantly different (P<0.05). Fish from Lake Kariba had significantly higher condition factors and lower fillet yields, while fish of length 10-20 cm, from Lake Chivero had significantly more fat. Lake Chivero fish were darker, greener, and less red while Lake Kariba fish were lighter, less green, and less red. Raw fish from Lake Kariba were significantly firmer, were less green and redder, had a stronger typical fish odour, and were more acceptable than Lake Chivero fish. Lake Chivero fish had a stronger foreign fish odour than their counterparts. No statistical differences were observed on fillet cooking losses, cooked fish sensory parameters, and acceptability. The fish could, however, not be safe due to possibility of toxins in water and feed (algae) which may bioaccumulate and ultimately affect other attributes of fish quality

The health care seeking behaviours of patients diagnosed with oral and maxillofacial tumours, Harare

Background: Patients were presenting on their index visit at the University of Zimbabwe Oral Health Centre oral and maxillofacial clinic with tumours with durations of onset varying from months to years. Oro-facial tumour is characterized by poor treatment outcomes if the patient presents for treatment late. Health care seeking behaviour of patients at the maxillofacial clinic was therefore assessed.Broad objective: To determine the health care seeking behaviours of patients diagnosed with oro-facial tumours attending University of Zimbabwe Oral Health Centre Oral and Maxillofacial clinic.Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Zimbabwe Oral Health Centre oral and maxillofacial clinic. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Consenting adult patients attending the oral and maxillofacial clinic with histopathologic diagnosis of oro-facial tumour were enrolled.Results: Sixty five patients participated, 53.8 % (35) males. Fifty four percent (35) had benign tumours. Squamous cell carcinoma was the prevalent malignancy. Fifteen percent (10) of participants with benign tumours delayed seeking medical care by a year after onset of signs and symptoms. Fifty percent (33) of  participants sought medical care because of pain. Twenty six percent (17) of patients attempted self medication before seeking professional care. Having access to a health facility encouraged health care seeking, and 62% (40) of participants sought initial medical care at a clinic, where 22% (14) were referred to the specialist, (58%) were given medication on index visit. More than 2 repeat review visits to the primary health care facility increased delay in seeking specialist care.Conclusion: Patients with oral and maxillofacial tumours delayed seeking medical care. Primary health care facilities are the initial facilities where these patients sought health care services. Attendance at specialist was delayed by the practice of recalling patients for reviews to primary health facilities