Evolution de la ressource en eau dans la vallée du Merguellil (Tunisie centrale)

International audienceLa plaine de Kairouan (Tunisie centrale) se trouve au débouché des trois grandes vallées du Zéroud, du Merguellil et du Nebhana. Dans ce contexte semi-aride (pluies moyennes entre 200 et 400 mm.an−1), l'intensification de l'irrigation au cours des dernières décennies a suscité une forte croissance de la demande en eau. En même temps, différents aménagements affectent l'ensemble du fonctionnement hydrologique : multiples ouvrages de conservation des eaux et des sols, petits et moyens, d'une part, grands barrages de protection contre les crues sur les trois oueds majeurs d'autre part. La distribution de l'eau B la surface du bassin-versant et dans le sous-sol a donc considérablement évolué et change encore. Dans la plaine du Merguellil, à l'aval du barrage el Haouareb, la nappe alluviale quaternaire est devenue la seule ressource en eau disponible. Elle est actuellement exploitée sans réel contrôle, ce qui conduit à une baisse sensible de son niveau (de 0,25 à 1 m par an). Elle n'est plus alimentée comme en régime naturel par les crues de l'oued, désormais entièrement bloquées par le barrage. Elle ne reçoit plus que les apports des nappes latérales et le flux souterrain passant sous le barrage. L'avenir du développement agricole régional dépend de manière évidente de la maîtrise de la ressource souterraine et donc de sa bonne connaissance. Malgré de multiples mesures de terrain et études entreprises depuis plusieurs décennies, il reste encore de nombreuses incertitudes qui rendent le bilan actuel de la nappe très incertain, à la fois sur les flux entrants et sortants. La surexploitation est nette et générale et aucune solution alternative simple n'apparaît. Le risque d'augmentation à long terme de la minéralisation existe mais ce problème est moins grave et moins immédiat que la baisse piézométrique

Correlation Between Interfacial Electronic Structure and Mechanical Properties of ZrN–Me (Me=Ag, Au, or Pd) Nanocomposite Films

Nanocomposite films of ZrN–Me (Me=Ag, Au, or Pd) were prepared using reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The hardness and elastic modulus were measured by nanoindention and were found to vary differently with composition for the three nanocomposite structures. Young’s modulus was found to decrease much more dramatically with the increase in Me content for the ZrN–Ag system. These findings were attributed to the weaker bonding mechanism at the interface between the ceramic and the metallic phases, which is more prone to grain-boundary sliding as shown using first-principles calculations of the electronic structure at the interface for the three systems

Association of anthropometric qualities with vertical jump performance in elite male volleyball players

Aim: The objective of this study was to examine the association between physical and anthropometric profiles and vertical jump performance in elite volleyball players. Methods: Thirty-three elite male volleyball players (21±1 y, 76.9±5.2 kg, 186.5±5 cm) were studied. Several anthropometric measurements (body mass, stature, body mass index, lower limb length and sitting height) together with jumping height anaerobic power of counter movement jump with arm swing (CMJ arm)) were obtained from all subjects. Forward stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine if any of the anthropometric parameters were predictive of CMJ arm. Results: Anaerobic power was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the tallest players relative to their shorter counterparts. A significant relationship was observed between CMJ arm and lower limb length (r 2=0.69; P<0.001) and between the lower limb length and anaerobic power obtained with CM-J arm(r 2=0.57; P<0.01). While significantly correlated (P≤0.05) with CMJ arm performance, stature, lower limb length/stature and sitting height/stature ratios were not significant (P>0.05) predictors of CMJ arm performance. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that lower limb length is correlated with CMJ arm in elite male volleyball players. The players with longer lower limbs have the better vertical jump performances and their anaerobic power is higher. These results could be of importance for trained athletes in sports relying on jumping performance, such as basketball, handball or volleyball. Thus, the measurement of anthropometric characteristics, such as stature and lower limb length may assist coaches in the early phases of talent identification in volleyball

Design, Synthesis and Discovery of N,N'-Carbazoyl-aryl-urea Inhibitors of Zika NS5 Methyltransferase and Virus Replication

The recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection worldwide make the discovery of novel antivirals against flaviviruses a research priority. This work describes the identification of novel inhibitors of ZIKV through a structure‐based virtual screening approach using the ZIKV NS5‐MTase. A novel series of molecules with a carbazoyl‐aryl‐urea structure has been discovered and a library of analogues has been synthesized. The new compounds inhibit ZIKV MTase with IC50 between 23–48 μM. In addition, carbazoyl‐aryl‐ureas also proved to inhibit ZIKV replication activity at micromolar concentration

A physical activity intervention for children with type 1 diabetes- steps to active kids with diabetes (STAK-D): a feasibility study

Background This study describes the development and feasibility evaluation of a physical activity intervention for children with type 1 diabetes called ‘Steps to Active Kids with Diabetes’ (STAK-D). It aims to explore the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and study design. Methods Thirteen children aged 9-11 years and their parents were recruited from one paediatric diabetes clinic. A process evaluation was conducted alongside a two-arm randomised feasibility trial, including assessment of rate of recruitment, adherence, retention, data completion and burden, implementation fidelity and adverse events. Qualitative interviews with children (n=9), parents (n=8), healthcare professionals (n=3) and STAK-D volunteers (n=8) explored intervention acceptability. Interviews were analysed thematically. Results Rate of recruitment was 25%, with 77% retention at 3-month follow-up. Study burden was low, data completion was high and the intervention was delivered as per protocol. No serious adverse event was reported. Engagement with intervention materials was generally good, but attendance at group activity sessions was low due to logistical barriers. Interview analysis identified preferred methods of recruitment, motivations for recruitment, barriers and facilitators to adherence, the experience of data collection, experience of the STAK-D programme and its perceived benefits. Conclusions STAK-D was feasible and acceptable to children, their parents and healthcare professionals, but group sessions may present logistical issues. Recruitment and retention may be improved with a clinic-wide approach to recruitment. Trial registration This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02144337 (16/01/2014). Keywords Children, feasibility study, intervention, paediatric diabetes, physical activity, process evaluation, self-efficacy, type 1 diabete

Minor Abnormalities of Testis Development in Mice Lacking the Gene Encoding the MAPK Signalling Component, MAP3K1

In mammals, the Y chromosome is a dominant male determinant, causing the bipotential gonad to develop as a testis. Recently, cases of familial and spontaneous 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) have been attributed to mutations in the human gene encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, MAP3K1, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway. In individuals harbouring heterozygous mutations in MAP3K1, dysregulation of MAPK signalling was observed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, suggesting a causal role for these mutations in disrupting XY sexual development. Mice lacking the cognate gene, Map3k1, are viable and exhibit the eyes open at birth (EOB) phenotype on a mixed genetic background, but on the C57BL/6J genetic background most mice die at around 14.5 dpc due to a failure of erythropoiesis in the fetal liver. However, no systematic examination of sexual development in Map3k1-deficient mice has been described, an omission that is especially relevant in the case of C57BL/6J, a genetic background that is sensitized to disruptions to testis determination. Here, we report that on a mixed genetic background mice lacking Map3k1 are fertile and exhibit no overt abnormalities of testis development. On C57BL/6J, significant non-viability is observed with very few animals surviving to adulthood. However, an examination of development in Map3k1-deficient XY embryos on this genetic background revealed no significant defects in testis determination, although minor abnormalities were observed, including an increase in gonadal length. Based on these observations, we conclude that MAP3K1 is not required for mouse testis determination. We discuss the significance of these data for the functional interpretation of sex-reversing MAP3K1 mutations in humans