Inheritance of Resistance to a Third Pathotype of Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic Virus in Pisum sativum

Resistance to a newly recognized pathotype of pea seed-borne mosaic virus, PSbMV-P4, was found in PI 347492, an accession of Pisum sativum from India. In cross and backcross populations between PI 347492 and the susceptible cultivars Bonneville, Ranger, and PI 269816, resistance was determined to be monogenically recessive. The symbol sbm-4 is proposed for the gene conferring resistance to this pathotype of PSbM

Inheritance of Resistance to a Lentil Strain of Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic Virus in Pisum sativum

In Pisum sativum, two independently inherited single recessive genes were found to confer resistance to the same pathotype of pea seed-borne mosaic virus from lentil (PSbMV-L1). The gene sbm-2, present in the domestic cultivar Bonneville, was determined to be closely linked to mo, which conditions resistance to bean yellow mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus 2 and is known to be located in Pisum linkage group 2. The second gene, sbm-3, was found in PI 347492, a bean yellow mosaic virus-susceptible line from India, and apparently is located in a different linkage group. Both genes, independently of each other, confer resistance to PSbMV-L1, but whether they are repetitive entities remains to be determine

Geographical gradient of the <em>eIF4E</em> alleles conferring resistance to potyviruses in pea (<em>Pisum</em>) germplasm

<div><p>Background</p><p>The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E was shown to be involved in resistance against several potyviruses in plants, including pea. We combined our knowledge of pea germplasm diversity with that of the <i>eIF4E</i> gene to identify novel genetic diversity.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>Germplasm of 2803 pea accessions was screened for <i>eIF4E</i> intron 3 length polymorphism, resulting in the detection of four <i>eIF4E^A-B-C-S</i> variants, whose distribution was geographically structured. The <i>eIF4E^A</i> variant conferring resistance to the P1 PSbMV pathotype was found in 53 accessions (1.9%), of which 15 were landraces from India, Afghanistan, Nepal, and 7 were from Ethiopia. A newly discovered variant, <i>eIF4E^B</i>, was present in 328 accessions (11.7%) from Ethiopia (29%), Afghanistan (23%), India (20%), Israel (25%) and China (39%). The <i>eIF4E^C</i> variant was detected in 91 accessions (3.2% of total) from India (20%), Afghanistan (33%), the Iberian Peninsula (22%) and the Balkans (9.3%). The <i>eIF4E^S</i> variant for susceptibility predominated as the wild type. Sequencing of 73 samples, identified 34 alleles at the whole gene, 26 at cDNA and 19 protein variants, respectively. Fifteen alleles were virologically tested and 9 alleles (<i>eIF4E^{A-1-2-3-4-5-6-7}</i>, <i>eIF4E^B-1</i>, <i>eIF4E^C-2</i>) conferred resistance to the P1 PSbMV pathotype.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>This work identified novel <i>eIF4E</i> alleles within geographically structured pea germplasm and indicated their independent evolution from the susceptible <i>eIF4E^S1</i> allele. Despite high variation present in wild <i>Pisum</i> accessions, none of them possessed resistance alleles, supporting a hypothesis of distinct mode of evolution of resistance in wild as opposed to crop species. The Highlands of Central Asia, the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, Eastern Africa and China were identified as important centers of pea diversity that correspond with the diversity of the pathogen. The series of alleles identified in this study provides the basis to study the co-evolution of potyviruses and the pea host.</p></div

Validation of the Spanish Version of the ICECAP-O for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia

Background Measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is important for a chronic disease, such as dementia, which impairs the quality of life of affected patients in addition to their length of life. This is important in the context of economic evaluations when interventions do not (only) affect HRQoL and these other factors also affect overall quality of life. Objective To validate the Spanish translation of the ICECAP-O's capability to measure Health-related quality of life in elderly with dementia who live in nursing homes. Method Cross-sectional study. For 217 residents living in 8 Spanish nursing homes, questionnaires were completed by nursing professionals serving as proxy respondents. We analyzed the internal consistency and other psychometric properties. We investigated the convergent validity of the ICECAP-O with other HRQoL instruments, the EQ-5D extended with a cognitive dimension (EQ-5D+C), the Alzheimer's Disease Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) measures, and the Barthel Index measure of activities of daily living (ADL). Results The ICECAP-O presents satisfactory internal consistency (alpha 0.820). The factorial analysis indicated a structure of five principal dimensions that explain 66.57% of the total variance. Convergent validity between the ICECAP-O, EQ-5D+C, ADRQL, and Barthel Index scores was moderate to good (with correlations of 0.62, 0.61, and 0.68, respectively), but differed between dimensions of the instruments. Discriminant validity was confirmed by finding differences in ICECAP-O scores between subgroups based on ADL scores (0.70 low, 0.59 medium, and 0.39 high level care), dementia severity (0.72 mild, 0.63 medium, and 0.50 severe), and ages (0.59 below 75 years and 0.84 above 75 years). Conclusions This study presented the first use of a Spanish version of the ICECAP-O. The results indicate that the ICECAP-O appears to be a reliable Health-related quality of life measurement instrument showing good convergent and discriminant validity for people with dementia

Título en español.

Filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Tucker) Gordon, Schlecht. and two isolates of F. solani (Mart.) Appel &amp; Wr., grown in nutrient and potato dextrose broth, effected spore germination, linear growth in agar, and colony development in soil plates of these and other fungi. There was not enough sign of selectivity in these filtrates to warrant their use for selective isolation of fungi from soil.Filtrados de Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vanillae (Tucker) Gordon, Schlecht. y de F. solani (Mart.) Appel &amp; Wr. cultivados en un caldo nutrimental y en agar-papa con dextrosa, produjeron esporas, lograron un crecimiento lineal en agar y el desarrollo de colonias en platillos con suelos que contenían éstos y otros hongos. No hubo suficientes señales de selectividad en estos filtrados que puedan justificar su uso para seleccionar y aislar hongos del suelo