Disease Burden Attributed to Drug use in the Nordic Countries: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019

The Nordic countries share similarities in many social and welfare domains, but drug policies have varied over time and between countries. We wanted to compare differences in mortality and disease burden attributed to drug use over time. Using results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we extracted age-standardized estimates of deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs per 100 000 population for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden during the years 1990 to 2019. Among males, DALY rates in 2019 were highest in Finland and lowest in Iceland. Among females, DALY rates in 2019 were highest in Iceland and lowest in Sweden. Sweden have had the highest increase in burden since 1990, from 252 DALYs to 694 among males, and from 111 to 193 among females. Norway had a peak with highest level of all countries in 2001–2004 and thereafter a strong decline. Denmark have had the most constant burden over time, 566–600 DALYs among males from 1990 to 2010 and 210–240 DALYs among females. Strict drug policies in Nordic countries have not prevented an increase in some countries, so policies need to be reviewed.publishedVersio

Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds

The behavioural rhythms of organisms are thought to be under strong selection, influenced by the rhythmicity of the environment. Such behavioural rhythms are well studied in isolated individuals under laboratory conditions, but free-living individuals have to temporally synchronize their activities with those of others, including potential mates, competitors, prey and predators. Individuals can temporally segregate their daily activities (for example, prey avoiding predators, subordinates avoiding dominants) or synchronize their activities (for example, group foraging, communal defence, pairs reproducing or caring for offspring). The behavioural rhythms that emerge from such social synchronization and the underlying evolutionary and ecological drivers that shape them remain poorly understood. Here we investigate these rhythms in the context of biparental care, a particularly sensitive phase of social synchronization where pair members potentially compromise their individual rhythms. Using data from 729 nests of 91 populations of 32 biparentally incubating shorebird species, where parents synchronize to achieve continuous coverage of developing eggs, we report remarkable within-and between-species diversity in incubation rhythms. Between species, the median length of one parent's incubation bout varied from 1-19 h, whereas period length-the time in which a parent's probability to incubate cycles once between its highest and lowest value-varied from 6-43 h. The length of incubation bouts was unrelated to variables reflecting energetic demands, but species relying on crypsis (the ability to avoid detection by other animals) had longer incubation bouts than those that are readily visible or who actively protect their nest against predators. Rhythms entrainable to the 24-h light-dark cycle were less prevalent at high latitudes and absent in 18 species. Our results indicate that even under similar environmental conditions and despite 24-h environmental cues, social synchronization can generate far more diverse behavioural rhythms than expected from studies of individuals in captivity. The risk of predation, not the risk of starvation, may be a key factor underlying the diversity in these rhythms.</p

Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds

The behavioural rhythms of organisms are thought to be under strong selection, influenced by the rhythmicity of the environment1, 2, 3, 4. Such behavioural rhythms are well studied in isolated individuals under laboratory conditions1, 5, but free-living individuals have to temporally synchronize their activities with those of others, including potential mates, competitors, prey and predators6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Individuals can temporally segregate their daily activities (for example, prey avoiding predators, subordinates avoiding dominants) or synchronize their activities (for example, group foraging, communal defence, pairs reproducing or caring for offspring)6, 7, 8, 9, 11. The behavioural rhythms that emerge from such social synchronization and the underlying evolutionary and ecological drivers that shape them remain poorly understood5, 6, 7, 9. Here we investigate these rhythms in the context of biparental care, a particularly sensitive phase of social synchronization12 where pair members potentially compromise their individual rhythms. Using data from 729 nests of 91 populations of 32 biparentally incubating shorebird species, where parents synchronize to achieve continuous coverage of developing eggs, we report remarkable within- and between-species diversity in incubation rhythms. Between species, the median length of one parent’s incubation bout varied from 1–19 h, whereas period length—the time in which a parent’s probability to incubate cycles once between its highest and lowest value—varied from 6–43 h. The length of incubation bouts was unrelated to variables reflecting energetic demands, but species relying on crypsis (the ability to avoid detection by other animals) had longer incubation bouts than those that are readily visible or who actively protect their nest against predators. Rhythms entrainable to the 24-h light–dark cycle were less prevalent at high latitudes and absent in 18 species. Our results indicate that even under similar environmental conditions and despite 24-h environmental cues, social synchronization can generate far more diverse behavioural rhythms than expected from studies of individuals in captivity5, 6, 7, 9. The risk of predation, not the risk of starvation, may be a key factor underlying the diversity in these rhythms

Experiences of loneliness from childhood to young adulthood:study of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986

Abstract Loneliness is a negative, involuntary, subjective, relational and sociocultural experience. Due to the multidimensional nature of the experience, this topic calls for research that explores loneliness on multiple levels. Drawing from different disciplines of the human sciences and utilizing a mixed methods approach, this study aims at contributing new knowledge of young peoples’ loneliness and exploring its meaning over time. Data for the study was drawn from the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986) (N = 9,432). In three articles of the four included in this study, logistic regression analysis was used with samples of adolescents (aged 15–16; n = 5,817–7,014) who reported loneliness in the 2001–2002 adolescents’ questionnaire in order to explore what kind of associations loneliness has with different socioemotional, health, wellbeing and contextual factors. Girls reported loneliness more often than boys. Loneliness was associated with several adverse factors among adolescents, including deliberate self-harm, being bullied, dissatisfaction with life and feelings of unhappiness, sadness, and depression. School dislike was associated with loneliness only among girls. The findings from these quantitative articles and earlier loneliness theories informed the semi-structured interview guide utilized in data production for the fourth article. Qualitative data consisted of 35 interviews, conducted in 2013, selected from a sample of the same participants who reported being very lonely in the adolescents’ questionnaire. The study explored in what ways young adults (aged 27–28) described the experience of loneliness, how loneliness felt and what was the meaning of the experience over time. Based on qualitative, theory-guided content analysis, the experience of loneliness was described with five dimensions; Personal, Relational, Physical context, Life event and Sociocultural. The duration and intensity of loneliness fluctuated over the course of life and six loneliness trajectories were constructed from the data. (Hetero)gender(ed) norms and normativity had a central influence on the experience of loneliness. In this synopsis, the different types of findings were compared to explore their convergence or divergence. The findings mainly converged, providing a more comprehensive understanding of loneliness that would have not been possible had only one type of research approach been used.Tiivistelmä Yksinäisyys on negatiivinen, ei-valittu, subjektiivinen, relationaalinen ja sosiokulttuurinen kokemus. Moniulotteista yksinäisyyttä onkin tärkeä tarkastella tieteenalojen rajoja ylittäen ja useita tutkimuksellisia lähestymistapoja yhdistäen. Tässä tutkimuksessa yksinäisyyttä lähestytään erilaisista ihmistieteellisistä lähtökohdista hyödyntämällä monimenetelmällistä lähestymistapaa Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986-aineistoon (N = 9 432) (NFBC1986). Tavoitteena on tuottaa uutta tietoa nuorten ihmisten yksinäisyydestä ja sen merkityksestä heidän elämässään. Tutkimukseen sisältyvästä neljästä artikkelista kolmessa olivat mukana ne 15–16-vuotiaat nuoret (n = 5 817–7 014), jotka vastasivat yksinäisyyttä mittaavaan kysymykseen nuorten kyselylomakkeessa vuonna 2001–2002. Artikkeleissa tutkittiin yksinäisyyden yhteyttä erilaisiin sosioemotionaalisiin, kontekstuaalisiin sekä terveys- ja hyvinvointimuuttujiin logistisella regressioanalyysillä. Tytöt kokivat yksinäisyyttä poikia useammin. Nuorten yksinäisyys oli yhteydessä useisiin negatiivisiin tekijöihin, kuten onnettomuuden, surun ja masentuneisuuden tunteisiin, kiusatuksi tulemiseen, elämään tyytymättömyyteen, itsensä tahalliseen vahingoittamiseen ja tyttöjen osalta myös koulusta ei-pitämiseen. Neljännen artikkelin aineistontuotannossa käytetty haastattelurunko muodostettiin edellä mainittujen artikkeleiden tulosten ja aiemman teoreettisen ymmärryksen pohjalta. Aineisto koostuu vuonna 2013 tehdyistä teemahaastatteluista, joihin osallistui 35 nuorta aikuista (27–28-vuotiaita), jotka ilmoittivat nuorten kyselylomakkeessa vuonna 2001–2002 olevansa erittäin yksinäisiä. Tässä artikkelissa tarkasteltiin, miten haastateltavat kuvasivat yksinäisyyden kokemustaan, miltä yksinäisyys tuntui ja mikä oli yksinäisyyden merkitys heidän elämänkulussaan. Laadullisen teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin perusteella nimettiin viisi keskeistä yksinäisyyden ulottuvuutta sekä kuusi yksinäisyyden muotoutumista ja muuttumista kuvaavaa kehityskaarta. (Hetero)sukupuolittuneiden normien ja normatiivisuuden vaikutus oli keskeinen yksinäisyyden kokemisessa. Tässä yhteenveto-osiossa määrällisiä ja laadullisia tuloksia tarkasteltiin rinnakkain ja vertailtiin tulosten yhteneväisyyksiä ja eroja. Tulokset olivat pääosin yhteneväisiä. Monimenetelmällinen tutkimus tuotti monitasoista tietoa nuorten yksinäisyydestä, mitä ei olisi saatu vain yhtä lähestymistapaa hyödyntäen