353 research outputs found
KulttuuripÀÀoman ja koulutuksen periytyvyyden vÀlinen yhteys Pierre Bourdieun ajattelussa
TiivistelmÀ. TÀmÀn kandidaatintutkielman pÀÀtavoitteena on avata kulttuurisen pÀÀoman ja koulutuksen periytyvyyden vÀlistÀ yhteyttÀ. LisÀksi tutkielmassa on tarkoituksena nostaa esille yhteiskuntaluokan kÀsite ja pohtia kirjallisuuden kautta sitÀ, miten yhteiskuntaluokka vaikuttaa yksilön kouluttautumiseen. Tutkielma on toteutettu kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena perehtyen aiheesta aiemmin kirjoitettuihin tutkimusartikkeleihin ja teoksiin.
Kandidaatintutkielmani alkaa Bourdieun pÀÀomateorian avaamisella sekÀ kulttuurisen pÀÀoman kÀsittelemisellÀ. Kulttuurisella pÀÀomalla viitataan sukupolvelta toiselle periytyviin tietoihin, taitoihin ja tapoihin toimia eri tilanteissa. Toisena keskeisenÀ kÀsitteenÀ nostan esille koulutuksen periytyvyyden, jolla tarkoitetaan yksilön sosioekonomisen aseman ja kouluttautumisen yhteyttÀ. LisÀksi avaan tutkielmassani sitÀ, miten koulutusjÀrjestelmÀ hyvÀksyy kulttuurisen pÀÀoman epÀtasaisen jakautumisen suosimalla paljon pÀÀomaa perineitÀ oppilaita. Nostan myös tutkielman lopussa esille pohdintaa siitÀ, onko koulutusmahdollisuuksien tasa-arvoa saavutettu.
Tutkielmastani kÀy ilmi, ettÀ kodin kulttuuripÀÀoma ja vanhempien koulutustausta mÀÀrittÀvÀt vahvasti sitÀ, minkÀ koulutuspolun yksilö valikoi ja kuinka kauan hÀn koulunkÀyntiÀÀn jatkaa. Perheen toimintatapoina, asenteina ja arvoina ilmentyvÀ kulttuuripÀÀoma muuntuu nuoren koululaisidentiteetiksi. Eri yhteiskuntaluokilla on erilaiset resurssit investoida kulttuuriseen pÀÀomaan. Sosiaalinen eriarvoisuus ja eritasoinen kulttuuriin osallistuminen kÀÀntyvÀt nÀin koulun toiminnoissa lahjakkuuseroiksi. Koulussa lahjakkaina erottuvat ne oppilaat, jotka ovat sekÀ investoineet kulttuuriseen pÀÀomaan koulun kentÀllÀ ettÀ perineet sitÀ kotoaan.
Tutkielmani kannalta keskeinen johtopÀÀtös on se, ettÀ taloudellisen eriarvoisuuden vaikutuksen koulutukseen on korvannut kotoa periytyvÀ kulttuuripÀÀoma, joka asettaa yksilöt lÀhtökohtaisesti eriarvoiseen asemaan. Kulttuurinen pÀÀoma ohjaa yksilön valintoja ja suhtautumista ruumiillistuessaan yksilön tavaksi toimia. Kotoa saadut kulttuuriset resurssit vaikuttavat siis yksilön menestymismahdollisuuksiin ja koulutusuran pituuteen
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Cloud-base vertical velocity statistics: a comparison between an atmospheric mesoscale model and remote sensing observations
The statistics of cloud-base vertical velocity simulated by the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model AROME are compared with Cloudnet remote sensing observations at two locations: the ARM SGP site in Central Oklahoma, and the DWD observatory at Lindenberg, Germany. The results show that, as expected, AROME significantly underestimates the variability of vertical velocity at cloud-base compared to observations at their nominal resolution; the standard deviation of vertical velocity in the model is typically 4-6 times smaller than observed, and even more during the winter at Lindenberg. Averaging the observations to the horizontal scale corresponding to the physical grid spacing of AROME (2.5 km) explains 70-80% of the underestimation by the model. Further averaging of the observations in the horizontal is required to match the model values for the standard deviation in vertical velocity. This indicates an effective horizontal resolution for the AROME model of at least 4 times the physically-defined grid spacing. The results illustrate the need for special treatment of sub-grid scale variability of vertical velocities in kilometer-scale atmospheric models, if processes such as aerosol-cloud interactions are to be included in the future
The effect of mineralogy, texture and mechanical properties of anti-skid and asphalt aggregates on urban dust
In northern latitudes mineral dust is
formed when cars use studded tyres and roads are
sanded to obtain more traction on the icy surfaces.
Anti-skid and asphalt aggregates with different
textural, mineralogical and mechanical properties
were tested with an indoor road simulator fitted with
studded and friction tyres. The particle size
distribution and proportions of dust from
pavement and anti-skid aggregate were analyzed
using SEM-EDX. The wear on the road pavement
depends on the properties of the anti-skid and
asphalt aggregate (particle size distribution,
mechanical/physical and textural properties). Antiskid
aggregates, which contain mainly hard minerals
(e.g. feldspars and quartz) and which have a low
resistance to fragmentation, should be used with
caution as they may break more easily into smaller
particles and are likely to wear the pavement. By
using high-quality anti-skid aggregates it is possible
to reduce the amount of urban dust
Brightening of the global cloud field by nitric acid and the associated radiative forcing
Clouds cool Earth's climate by reflecting 20% of the incoming solar energy, while also trapping part of the outgoing radiation. The effect of human activities on clouds is poorly understood, but the present-day anthropogenic cooling via changes of cloud albedo and lifetime could be of the same order as warming from anthropogenic addition in CO<sub>2</sub>. Soluble trace gases can increase water condensation to particles, possibly leading to activation of smaller aerosols and more numerous cloud droplets. We have studied the effect of nitric acid on the aerosol indirect effect with the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5.5-HAM2. Including the nitric acid effect in the model increases cloud droplet number concentrations globally by 7%. The nitric acid contribution to the present-day cloud albedo effect was found to be â0.32 W m<sup>â2</sup> and to the total indirect effect â0.46 W m<sup>â2</sup>. The contribution to the cloud albedo effect is shown to increase to â0.37 W m<sup>â2</sup> by the year 2100, if considering only the reductions in available cloud condensation nuclei. Overall, the effect of nitric acid can play a large part in aerosol cooling during the following decades with decreasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions and increasing NO<sub>x</sub> and greenhouse gases
Sensitivity of aerosol concentrations and cloud properties to nucleation and secondary organic distribution in ECHAM5-HAM global circulation model
The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM was modified to improve the representation of new particle formation in the boundary layer. Activation-type nucleation mechanism was introduced to produce observed nucleation rates in the lower troposphere. A simple and computationally efficient model for biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) formation was implemented. Here we study the sensitivity of the aerosol and cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) to these additions. Activation-type nucleation significantly increases aerosol number concentrations in the boundary layer. Increased particle number concentrations have a significant effect also on cloud droplet number concentrations and therefore on cloud properties. We performed calculations with activation nucleation coefficient values of 2Ă10â»â·sâ»Âč, 2Ă10â»â¶sâ»Âč and 2Ă10â»â”sâ»Âč to evaluate the sensitivity to this parameter. For BSOA we have used yields of 0.025, 0.07 and 0.15 to estimate the amount of monoterpene oxidation products available for condensation. The hybrid BSOA formation scheme induces large regional changes to size distribution of organic carbon, and therefore affects particle optical properties and cloud droplet number concentrations locally. Although activation-type nucleation improves modeled aerosol number concentrations in the boundary layer, the use of a global activation coefficient generally leads to overestimation of aerosol number. Overestimation can also arise from underestimation of primary emissions
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