Precipitation Modeling over the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets and the Relationship to the Surface Mass Balance and Climate

Atmospheric numerical simulation and dynamic retrieval method with atmospheric numerical analyses are used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic precipitation for the last two decades. First, the Polar MM5 has been run over Antarctica to study the Antarctic precipitation. With a horizontal resolution of 60km, the Polar MM5 has been run for the period of July 1996 through June 1999 in a series of short-term forecasts from initial and boundary conditions provided by the ECMWF operational analyses. In comparison with climatological maps, the major features of the spatial distribution of Antarctic precipitation are well captured by the Polar MM5. Drift snow effects on redistribution of surface accumulation over Antarctica are also assessed with surface wind fields from Polar MM5 in this study. There are complex divergence and convergence patterns of drift snow transport over Antarctica, especially along the coast. It is found that areas with large drift snow transport convergence and divergence are located around escarpment areas where there is large katabatic wind acceleration. In addition, areas with large snow transport divergence are generally accompanied by areas with large snow transport convergence nearby, indicating that drift snow transport is of local importance for the redistribution of the snowfal

Challenges and Roles of Extension Workers on Cyber Extension as Information Media

Agriculture has been developing, which attracts more attention from all aspects of the economy. Besides, the industrialization of agriculture is the process of transforming agricultural production towards a comprehensive industrial direction in all aspects such as implementing livestock industry or agricultural mechanization, modernization of farming process, production in the form of modern farming (intensive farming, increasing crops, fertilizing in cultivation, and animal production). Thanks to the application of science, technology, and technology in the agricultural sector, agriculture activities have improved their productivity. Agricultural products include cattle, fish, poultry, and crops. The methods include economic institutions (economic laws such as supply and demand, value, competition) and legal, political institutions. One of the methods to implement agriculture extension is a cyber extension or using the power of online networks, computer communications, and digital interactive multimedia. The paper aimed to provide an overview of cyber extension in the context of agriculture development. Keywords: Cyber extension, agriculture extension, adoption, agricultural developmen

Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its application on poultry’s production and health: A review

The poultry population has substantially grown in recent years, and measures to ensure meat quality have also improved significantly. The exponential growth of the human population eventually resulted in increasing meat demand. In particular, poultry meat has been the more favorable and nutritive option. Research on feed additives has sparked an interest in many poultry specialists looking for ways to increase poultry performance. The use of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as an antibiotic alternative by acting as prebiotics and probiotics has received significant attention. Baker’s yeast contains β-glucans and mannan-oligosaccharides as its main components. Recent studies have shown that baker’s yeast, as an alternative protein source, positively affects poultry growth performance, blood parameters, and immune response. Furthermore, the application of baker's yeast as a fermented feed additive showed promising results for poultry production. The use of baker’s yeast in the diet improves the morphological structure of the poultry gut, thus increasing growth performance. More informatively, it stimulates feed intake, increases body weight gain, and improves the feed conversion ratio. Baker’s yeast also improves the immune system of poultry animals by reducing various numbers of harmful microorganisms by combating poultry diseases more effectively and eventually increasing poultry health. This paper aims to synthesize all aspects of the effect of baker’s yeast on the poultry industry and the role and application of baker's yeast in poultry productivity

Proceso gerencial para la ejecuci?n del proyecto de dise?o y construcci?n de m?dulos habitacionales para estudiantes de educaci?n superior en la ciudad de Girardot

126 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEl acceso a la educaci?n superior para los j?venes en Colombia es mayor que hace una d?cada, la competitividad y profesionalizaci?n de la mano de obra del pa?s ha generado la necesidad de la realizaci?n de estudios posteriores al bachillerato e incluso del aumento en la demanda de estudios de postgrado. Es importante citar que el Municipio de Girardot es el principal centro urbano de la regi?n, el cual aglutina la mayor poblaci?n de estudiantes de educaci?n superior, con amplia oferta de instituciones educativas, tanto p?blicas como privadas que ofrecen carreras t?cnicas, tecnol?gicas y profesionales, haciendo de ?sta una opci?n atractiva para los futuros bachilleres de las poblaciones aleda?as y propias de la ciudad. El objetivo del presente proyecto, es el dise?o, ejecuci?n y adecuaci?n de dos m?dulos habitacionales para estudiantes de educaci?n superior, donde encuentren satisfacci?n a sus necesidades de vivienda. No se pretende un modelo solamente habitacional, sino un modelo de mejoramiento de entorno, motivando el desarrollo de una metr?poli universitaria que crece cada d?a con estudiantes for?neos, por lo que se requiere tener en cuenta que el h?bitat a ofrecerles se deben reducir las condiciones carentes, y limitantes que se encuentran en la oferta habitacional actual. Se establecen resultados y entregables como son el presupuesto, plan de inversi?n, cronogramas, plan de manejo ambiental y de riesgos y los recursos necesarios para el logro de los objetivos propuestos, as? mismo se plasman en este documento todas las etapas conformadas en la ejecuci?n del proyecto.ABSTRACT The acces to higher education to young people in Colombia is bigger than a decade ago, the competitiveness y profesionalization of manpower in the country has generate the needing of realization of posterior studies to high school and even the rise on demand of postgrade studies. It is important to quote that the municipality of Girardot is the principal urban center in the region, which has the most student population of higher education, with a wide offert of educational institutes, public and private that offers technincal, technological and profesional careers, making it an atractive option to the next high school graduates of the around and of the city. The target of the present project, is the design, execution and adequacy of two housing modules to higher education student, where they can find satisfaction to them house needs. The idea is not just to make an housing model, is to make a model of improving of the environment, motivating the development of a universitary metropoli that grows up every day with foreign students, thats why it requires to realize that the in habitat to offer, should be reduced the lacking conditions and limiting that we can find in the housing offer in present. Results will be setted and appendages as the budget, investment plan, schedule, environmental management plan and risks, and the necessary resources to the achievement of the objectives, and all the stages of the project execution will be displayed.INTRODUCCI?N 17 1. DEFINICI?N Y PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 18 2. JUSTIFICACI?N 19 3. OBJETIVOS 20 3.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 20 3.2. OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 20 4. METODOLOG?A 21 5. DESCRIPCI?N GENERAL DEL PROYECTO 24 5.1. T?TULO O NOMBRE DEL PROYECTO 24 5.2. ENTIDADES RESPONSABLES O FORMULADORES 24 5.3. NECESIDADES QUE ORIGINA EL PROYECTO 24 5.4. SOLUCI?N A LA NECESIDAD 24 5.5. VIABILIDAD DE MERCADO 25 5.6. VIABILIDAD T?CNICA. 25 5.7. VIABILIDAD ADMINISTRATIVA Y LEGAL 26 5.8. VIABILIDAD AMBIENTAL 27 5.9. EVALUACI?N FINANCIERA Y ECON?MICA 28 6. EL CONTEXTO DEL PROYECTO 29 6.1. ENTORNO ECON?MICO Y FINANCIERO 29 6.1.1. Producto interno bruto 29 6.1.2. Inflaci?n 29 6.1.3. Tasa de Inter?s 29 6.1.4. An?lisis de variables 30 6.1.5. Valor presente neto (VPN) 30 6.1.6. Tasa interna de retorno (TIR) 30 6.1.7. Relaci?n beneficio ? Costo RBC 31 6.1.8. Periodo de recuperaci?n de la inversi?n 31 6.2. ENTORNO TECNOL?GICO 31 6.2.1. Conectividad y comunicaciones 31 6.3. ENTORNO POL?TICO 32 6.4. ENTORNO AMBIENTAL 32 6.5. ENTORNO SOCIAL 33 7. EL TALENTO HUMANO Y SU PAPEL PROTAG?NICO EN LA GERENCIA DEL PROYECTO 34 7.1. LA ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZACIONAL PARA LA EJECUCI?N DEL PROYECTO 34 7.2. PROCESOS DE SELECCI?N DEL GERENTE DE PROYECTO Y SU EQUIPO NUCLEAR 34 7.2.1. Proceso de selecci?n del gerente de proyectos 35 7.2.1.1. Reclutamiento 35 7.2.1.2. Selecci?n de personal 35 7.2.1.3. Ficha t?cnica Profesiogr?fica 36 7.2.2. Proceso de selecci?n del equipo nuclear 36 7.2.2.1. Reclutamiento y selecci?n de personal 36 7.2.2.2. Ficha t?cnica Profesiogr?fica 36 7.2.3. Calificaci?n 37 7.2.4. Contrataci?n 40 7.3. MODELO GERENCIAL APLICADO A LA EJECUCI?N DEL PROYECTO 41 7.3.1. Caracter?sticas de la APO 42 7.3.2. Como aplicaremos la APO 43 7.3.3. Estilo de liderazgo 43 7.4. ESTRATEGIA PARA GERENCIAR EL TALENTO HUMANO RESPONSABLE DE LA EJECUCI?N DEL PROYECTO 44 7.5. EL SISTEMA DE INFORMACI?N Y COMUNICACI?N PARA LA EJECUCI?N DEL PROYECTO 45 7.5.1. Informaci?n general del proyecto 45 7.5.2. Prop?sitos 45 7.5.3. Procedimientos acordados para la etapa de ejecuci?n 45 7.5.3.1. Procedimiento de selecci?n de outsourcing 45 7.5.3.2. Procedimiento de selecci?n gerente de proyectos y equipo nuclear 46 7.5.4. Sistema de comunicaci?n 46 7.5.4.1. Planificaci?n de la informaci?n 46 9 7.5.4.2. Difusi?n de la informaci?n (tecnolog?a) 47 7.5.5. Informes 47 7.5.6. Cierre administrativo 48 7.5.7. Reportes de desempe?o 48 7.5.7.1. Formatos 48 8. LA GERENCIA DEL PROYECTO 49 8.1. INICIO 49 8.2. PLANIFICACI?N 49 8.2.1. Objetivos generales de la ejecuci?n 49 8.2.2. Objetivos espec?ficos de la ejecuci?n 49 8.3. GESTI?N DEL ALCANCE 50 8.3.1. Acta de constituci?n del proyecto 50 8.3.2. Estructura de divisi?n del trabajo (EDT) 50 8.3.3. Descripci?n de actividades 50 8.3.4. Matriz de responsabilidades 50 8.4. GESTI?N DEL TIEMPO 50 8.4.1. Duraci?n de Actividades 50 8.4.2. Matriz de precedencias 51 8.4.3. Programa para la ejecuci?n del proyecto 52 8.4.4. Matriz de programaci?n 53 8.4.5. Red del Proyecto- Red y Gantt de la ejecuci?n del proyecto 53 8.4.6. Ruta cr?tica 54 8.4.7. Diagrama de Gantt 54 8.5. GESTI?N DEL COSTO 54 8.5.1. Inversiones fijas 54 8.5.2. Inversiones diferidas 55 8.5.3. Costo por actividades - estructura de costos 56 8.5.4. Descripci?n del flujo de caja de la ejecuci?n 60 8.5.5. Plan de desembolsos 60 8.5.5.1. Plan de desembolsos outsourcing de dise?o 60 8.5.5.2. Plan de desembolsos outsourcing de construcci?n 61 8.5.5.3. Estimaci?n de costos 62 8.5.5.4. Factores tenidos en cuenta para la estimaci?n de costos 63 8.6. GESTI?N DE RIESGO 63 8.6.1. Identificaci?n de riesgos 63 8.6.2. Clasificaci?n delos riesgos externos 64 8.6.2.1. Ambiente general 64 8.6.2.2. Ambiente sectorial o industrial 64 8.6.3. Clasificaci?n delos riesgos internos 66 8.6.3.1. Recursos y capacidades directivos 66 8.6.3.2. Recursos y capacidades financieros 67 8.6.3.3. Desconfianza con los trabajadores del proyecto 67 11 8.7. CONTROL 68 8.7.1. Reuniones semanales de evaluaci?n 69 8.7.2. Reuniones extraordinarias 69 8.7.3. Medici?n de los tiempos y costos de actividades 70 8.7.4. Lista de seguimiento de actividades y responsables 70 8.8. CIERRE 70 8.8.1. Acta de terminaci?n 70 8.8.2. Actas de liquidaci?n 70 8.9. APLICACI?N DEL PROJECT 71 9. CONTRATACI?N PARA LA EJECUCI?N DEL PROYECTO 72 9.1. CONTRATACI?N DEL GERENTE DEL PROYECTO 72 9.1.1. Contrataci?n del equipo nuclear 72 9.1.2. Contrato de Prestaci?n de Servicios 72 9.1.3. Contrato a t?rmino fijo 72 9.1.4. Contrato de outsourcing de Dise?o y construcci?n 72 10. CONCLUSIONES 73 11. RECOMENDACIONES 74 REFERENCIAS 75 ANEXOS 7

Enhanced adhesion from high energy ion irradiation

We have found that irradiation of a variety of thin film-substrate combinations by heavy ion beams at energies of mega-electronvolts per atomic mass unit will produce a remarkable enhancement in the adherence of the film. For example, gold films can be firmly attached to soft materials such as Teflon using a 1 MeV beam of protons (10^(14) cm^(−2)) or helium ions (10^(13) cm^(−2)) and to harder materials such as silicon (10^(15) cm^(−2)), quartz (2 × 10^(15) cm^(−2)) and tungsten (2 × 10^(14) cm^(−2)) with 0.5 MeV a.m.u.^(−1) beams of fluorine or chlorine ions. In the case of metal films on semiconductors a low resistance contact results. The mixed layer at the interface is observed to be quite thin (approximately 50 Å or less); for silver on silicon electron diffraction and imaging studies of the interface region reveal the presence of crystalline silver compounds

Effect of Iodine Doping on Bi2_{2}Sr2_{2}Ca1_{1}Cu2_{2}Ox_{x}: Charge Transfer or Interlayer Coupling?

A comparative study has been made of iodine-intercalated Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$Ca$_{1}$Cu$_{2}$O$_{x}$ single crystal and 1 atm O$_{2}$ annealed Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$Ca$_{1}$Cu$_{1}$O$_{x}$ single crystal using AC susceptibility measurement, X-ray photoemission (XPS) and angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS). AC susceptibility measurement indicates that O$_{2}$-doped samples studied have T$_{c}$ of 84 $^{o}$K, whereas T$_{c}$ of Iodine-doped samples studied are 80 $^{o}$K. XPS Cu 2p core level data establish that the hole concentration in the CuO$_{2}$ planes are essentially the same for these two kinds of samples. ARUPS measurements show that electronic structure of the normal states near the Fermi level has been strongly affected by iodine intercalation. We conclude that the dominant effect of iodine doping is to alter the interlayer coupling.Comment: LBL 9 pages, APS_Revtex. 5 Figures, available upon request. UW-Madison preprin

From d-wave to s-wave pairing in the iron-pnictide superconductor (Ba,K)Fe2As2

The nature of the pairing state in iron-based superconductors is the subject of much debate. Here we argue that in one material, the stoichiometric iron pnictide KFe2As2, there is overwhelming evidence for a d-wave pairing state, characterized by symmetry-imposed vertical line nodes in the superconducting gap. This evidence is reviewed, with a focus on thermal conductivity and the strong impact of impurity scattering on the critical temperature Tc. We then compare KFe2As2 to Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2, obtained by Ba substitution, where the pairing symmetry is s-wave and the Tc is ten times higher. The transition from d-wave to s-wave within the same crystal structure provides a rare opportunity to investigate the connection between band structure and pairing mechanism. We also compare KFe2As2 to the nodal iron-based superconductor LaFePO, for which the pairing symmetry is probably not d-wave, but more likely s-wave with accidental line nodes

Quasiparticle excitation in and around the vortex core of underdoped YBa_2Cu_4O_8 studied by site-selective NMR

We report a site-selective ^{17}O spin-lattice relaxation rate T_1^{-1} in the vortex state of underdoped YBa_2Cu_4O_8. We found that T_1^{-1} at the planar sites exhibits an unusual nonmonotonic NMR frequency dependence. In the region well outside the vortex core, T_1^{-1} cannot be simply explained by the density of states of the Doppler-shifted quasiparticles in the d-wave superconductor. Based on T_1^{-1} in the vortex core region, we establish strong evidence that the local density of states within the vortex core is strongly reduced.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Glycan shifting on hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 glycoprotein is a mechanism for escape from broadly neutralizing antibodies

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Glycan shielding has been proposed to be a mechanism by which HCV masks broadly neutralizing epitopes on its viral glycoproteins. However, the role of altered glycosylation in HCV resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies is not fully understood. Here, we have generated potent HCV neutralizing antibodies hu5B3.v3 and MRCT10.v362 that, similar to the previously described AP33 and HCV1, bind to a highly conserved linear epitope on E2. We utilize a combination of in vitro resistance selections using the cell culture infectious HCV and structural analyses to identify mechanisms of HCV resistance to hu5B3.v3 and MRCT10.v362. Ultra deep sequencing from in vitro HCV resistance selection studies identified resistance mutations at asparagine N417 (N417S, N417T and N417G) as early as 5 days post treatment. Comparison of the glycosylation status of soluble versions of the E2 glycoprotein containing the respective resistance mutations revealed a glycosylation shift from N417 to N415 in the N417S and N417T E2 proteins. The N417G E2 variant was glycosylated neither at residue 415 nor at residue 417 and remained sensitive to MRCT10.v362. Structural analyses of the E2 epitope bound to hu5B3.v3 Fab and MRCT10.v362 Fab using X-ray crystallography confirmed that residue N415 is buried within the antibody–peptide interface. Thus, in addition to previously described mutations at N415 that abrogate the β-hairpin structure of this E2 linear epitope, we identify a second escape mechanism, termed glycan shifting, that decreases the efficacy of broadly neutralizing HCV antibodies