Etude des fonctions des protéines virales de la famille EBNA3 dans l'immortalisation des lymphocytes B par le virus d'Epstein-Barr : rôle fonctionnel de l'interaction entre EBNA-3A et la protéine cellulaire Miz-1

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human Herpesvirus that infects over 90% of the world population and is associated with several malignancies. EBV has the unique capacity to activate and to induce growth transformation of resting primary human B-lymphocytes, upon their in vitro infection, leading to the establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In these cells (called Lymphoblatoid cell lines (LCLs)), nine latent proteins are expressed driving the activation and proliferation of the infected B cells. In order to understand the molecular mechanism by which the EBNA3s latent proteins play a role in growth transformation, we used a large scale two-hybrid yeast screen. Thanks to that screen we identified several cellular partners very interesting in relation to what we know about the EBNA3s functions. One of the proteins identified in this screen is the transcription factor Miz-1, which has a cell growth arrest activity via inhibition of cell-cycle progression and has been shown to activate transcription of target genes including CDKN1A, CDKN1C and CDKN2B. We confirmed the interaction between EBNA-3A and Miz-1 by GST-pull down assay as well as by co-immunoprecipitation in HeLa cells We next investigated the effect of EBNA-3A on Miz-1-dependent regulation by comparing the transcript levels of selected Miz-1 target genes between EBNA-3A positive and negative LCLs by RT-qPCR. Interestingly, several Miz-1 target genes, among which CDKN2B, were found to be differentialy regulated in the presence of EBNA-3A. We found that EBNA-3A inhibits Miz-1 dependant activation by inhibiting the recrutement of the co-activator NPM. Those results bring new insights to the mechanisms by which the EBNA3s, and more largely EBV, regulate the cell cycle.Le virus d’Epstein-Barr (EBV) est un gamma-Herpesvirus associé à de nombreux cancers chez l’homme. In vitro, l’infection de lymphocytes B primaires par EBV conduit à leur immortalisation (genèse de lignées lymphoblastoides (LCL)). Dans ces cellules, seules 9 protéines virales (protéines dites de latence) sont exprimées et coopèrent pour stimuler la prolifération des cellules. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les 3 protéines de latence de la famille EBNA3 (-3A, -3B et -3C) participent à l’induction et au maintien de la prolifération cellulaire induite par EBV, nous avons réalisé un crible deux-hybrides dans la levure en utilisant EBNA-3A, -3B ou -3C comme appâts. Ce crible nous a permis d’identifier de nombreux nouveaux partenaires particulièrement pertinents au vu de ce que l’on connaît des rôles respectifs des protéines EBNA3. Parmi les nouveaux partenaires de la protéine EBNA-3A se trouve le facteur de transcription Miz-1 qui est connu pour jouer un rôle clef dans l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire en transactivant l’expression de gènes tels CDKN1A, CDKN1C et CDKN2B. Nous avons validé cette interaction par GST-pull down ainsi que par co-immunoprécipitation en cellules humaines. Nous avons ensuite étudié l’effet de la protéine virale EBNA-3A sur l’activation de la transcription induite par Miz-1. Pour cela, nous avons comparé le niveau des transcrits de certains gènes cibles de Miz-1 dans des LCL exprimant ou non EBNA-3A et avons trouvé que certains gènes codant des inhibiteurs du cycle cellulaire sont différemment exprimés en présence d’EBNA-3A. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer que la protéine virale EBNA-3A est capable de réprimer l’activation de la transcription de Miz-1 en inhibant le recrutement de l’une de ses protéines co-activatrices, la protéine NPM. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les protéines EBNA3 et plus largement EBV, dérégulent le cycle cellulaire

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 interacts with regulator of chromosome condensation 1 dynamically throughout the cell cycle

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein which plays an essential role in viral episome replication and segregation, by recruiting the cellular complex of DNA replication onto the origin (oriP) and by tethering the viral DNA onto the mitotic chromosomes. Whereas the mechanisms of viral DNA replication are well documented, those involved in tethering EBNA1 to the cellular chromatin are far from being understood. Here, we have identified Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1 (RCC1) as a novel cellular partner for EBNA1. RCC1 is the major nuclear guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RanGEF) for the small GTPase Ran enzyme. RCC1, associated with chromatin, is involved in the formation of RanGTP gradients critical for nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle formation, and nuclear envelope reassembly following mitosis. Using several approaches, we have demonstrated a direct interaction between these two proteins and found that the EBNA1 domains responsible for EBNA1 tethering to the mitotic chromosomes are also involved in the interaction with RCC1. The use of an EBNA1 peptide array confirmed the interaction of RCC1 with these regions and also the importance of the N-terminal region of RCC1 in this interaction. Finally, using confocal microscopy and FRET analysis to follow the dynamics of interaction between the two proteins throughout the cell cycle, we have demonstrated that EBNA1 and RCC1 closely associate on the chromosomes during metaphase, suggesting an essential role for the interaction during this phase, perhaps in tethering EBNA1 to mitotic chromosomes

Epstein-Barr virus ensures B cell survival by uniquely modulating apoptosis at early and late times after infection

Abstract Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is causally linked to several human cancers. EBV expresses viral oncogenes that promote cell growth and inhibit the apoptotic response to uncontrolled proliferation. The EBV oncoprotein LMP1 constitutively activates NFkB and is critical for survival of EBV-immortalized B cells. However, during early infection EBV induces rapid B cell proliferation with low levels of LMP1 and little apoptosis. Therefore, we sought to define the mechanism of survival in the absence of LMP1/NFkB early after infection. We used BH3 profiling to query mitochondrial regulation of apoptosis and defined a transition from uninfected B cells (BCL-2) to early-infected (MCL-1/BCL-2) and immortalized cells (BFL-1). This dynamic change in B cell survival mechanisms is unique to virus-infected cells and relies on regulation of MCL-1 mitochondrial localization and BFL-1 transcription by the viral EBNA3A protein. This study defines a new role for EBNA3A in the suppression of apoptosis with implications for EBV lymphomagenesis

Functions of the EBNA3 proteins in the immortalization of human B cells by the Epstein-Barr virus : functional role of the interaction between EBNA-3A and the Miz-1 cellular protein

Le virus d’Epstein-Barr (EBV) est un gamma-Herpesvirus associé à de nombreux cancers chez l’homme. In vitro, l’infection de lymphocytes B primaires par EBV conduit à leur immortalisation (genèse de lignées lymphoblastoides (LCL)). Dans ces cellules, seules 9 protéines virales (protéines dites de latence) sont exprimées et coopèrent pour stimuler la prolifération des cellules. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les 3 protéines de latence de la famille EBNA3 (-3A, -3B et -3C) participent à l’induction et au maintien de la prolifération cellulaire induite par EBV, nous avons réalisé un crible deux-hybrides dans la levure en utilisant EBNA-3A, -3B ou -3C comme appâts. Ce crible nous a permis d’identifier de nombreux nouveaux partenaires particulièrement pertinents au vu de ce que l’on connaît des rôles respectifs des protéines EBNA3. Parmi les nouveaux partenaires de la protéine EBNA-3A se trouve le facteur de transcription Miz-1 qui est connu pour jouer un rôle clef dans l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire en transactivant l’expression de gènes tels CDKN1A, CDKN1C et CDKN2B. Nous avons validé cette interaction par GST-pull down ainsi que par co-immunoprécipitation en cellules humaines. Nous avons ensuite étudié l’effet de la protéine virale EBNA-3A sur l’activation de la transcription induite par Miz-1. Pour cela, nous avons comparé le niveau des transcrits de certains gènes cibles de Miz-1 dans des LCL exprimant ou non EBNA-3A et avons trouvé que certains gènes codant des inhibiteurs du cycle cellulaire sont différemment exprimés en présence d’EBNA-3A. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer que la protéine virale EBNA-3A est capable de réprimer l’activation de la transcription de Miz-1 en inhibant le recrutement de l’une de ses protéines co-activatrices, la protéine NPM. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les protéines EBNA3 et plus largement EBV, dérégulent le cycle cellulaire.Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human Herpesvirus that infects over 90% of the world population and is associated with several malignancies. EBV has the unique capacity to activate and to induce growth transformation of resting primary human B-lymphocytes, upon their in vitro infection, leading to the establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In these cells (called Lymphoblatoid cell lines (LCLs)), nine latent proteins are expressed driving the activation and proliferation of the infected B cells. In order to understand the molecular mechanism by which the EBNA3s latent proteins play a role in growth transformation, we used a large scale two-hybrid yeast screen. Thanks to that screen we identified several cellular partners very interesting in relation to what we know about the EBNA3s functions. One of the proteins identified in this screen is the transcription factor Miz-1, which has a cell growth arrest activity via inhibition of cell-cycle progression and has been shown to activate transcription of target genes including CDKN1A, CDKN1C and CDKN2B. We confirmed the interaction between EBNA-3A and Miz-1 by GST-pull down assay as well as by co-immunoprecipitation in HeLa cells We next investigated the effect of EBNA-3A on Miz-1-dependent regulation by comparing the transcript levels of selected Miz-1 target genes between EBNA-3A positive and negative LCLs by RT-qPCR. Interestingly, several Miz-1 target genes, among which CDKN2B, were found to be differentialy regulated in the presence of EBNA-3A. We found that EBNA-3A inhibits Miz-1 dependant activation by inhibiting the recrutement of the co-activator NPM. Those results bring new insights to the mechanisms by which the EBNA3s, and more largely EBV, regulate the cell cycle

Etude des fonctions des protéines virales de la famille EBNA3 dans l'immortalisation des lymphocytes B par le virus d'Epstein-Barr (rôle fonctionnel de l'interaction entre EBNA-3A et la protéine cellulaire Miz-1)

Le virus d Epstein-Barr (EBV) est un gamma-Herpesvirus associé à de nombreux cancers chez l homme. In vitro, l infection de lymphocytes B primaires par EBV conduit à leur immortalisation (genèse de lignées lymphoblastoides (LCL)). Dans ces cellules, seules 9 protéines virales (protéines dites de latence) sont exprimées et coopèrent pour stimuler la prolifération des cellules. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les 3 protéines de latence de la famille EBNA3 (-3A, -3B et -3C) participent à l induction et au maintien de la prolifération cellulaire induite par EBV, nous avons réalisé un crible deux-hybrides dans la levure en utilisant EBNA-3A, -3B ou -3C comme appâts. Ce crible nous a permis d identifier de nombreux nouveaux partenaires particulièrement pertinents au vu de ce que l on connaît des rôles respectifs des protéines EBNA3. Parmi les nouveaux partenaires de la protéine EBNA-3A se trouve le facteur de transcription Miz-1 qui est connu pour jouer un rôle clef dans l arrêt du cycle cellulaire en transactivant l expression de gènes tels CDKN1A, CDKN1C et CDKN2B. Nous avons validé cette interaction par GST-pull down ainsi que par co-immunoprécipitation en cellules humaines. Nous avons ensuite étudié l effet de la protéine virale EBNA-3A sur l activation de la transcription induite par Miz-1. Pour cela, nous avons comparé le niveau des transcrits de certains gènes cibles de Miz-1 dans des LCL exprimant ou non EBNA-3A et avons trouvé que certains gènes codant des inhibiteurs du cycle cellulaire sont différemment exprimés en présence d EBNA-3A. Enfin, nous avons pu montrer que la protéine virale EBNA-3A est capable de réprimer l activation de la transcription de Miz-1 en inhibant le recrutement de l une de ses protéines co-activatrices, la protéine NPM. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les protéines EBNA3 et plus largement EBV, dérégulent le cycle cellulaire.Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human Herpesvirus that infects over 90% of the world population and is associated with several malignancies. EBV has the unique capacity to activate and to induce growth transformation of resting primary human B-lymphocytes, upon their in vitro infection, leading to the establishment of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In these cells (called Lymphoblatoid cell lines (LCLs)), nine latent proteins are expressed driving the activation and proliferation of the infected B cells. In order to understand the molecular mechanism by which the EBNA3s latent proteins play a role in growth transformation, we used a large scale two-hybrid yeast screen. Thanks to that screen we identified several cellular partners very interesting in relation to what we know about the EBNA3s functions. One of the proteins identified in this screen is the transcription factor Miz-1, which has a cell growth arrest activity via inhibition of cell-cycle progression and has been shown to activate transcription of target genes including CDKN1A, CDKN1C and CDKN2B. We confirmed the interaction between EBNA-3A and Miz-1 by GST-pull down assay as well as by co-immunoprecipitation in HeLa cells We next investigated the effect of EBNA-3A on Miz-1-dependent regulation by comparing the transcript levels of selected Miz-1 target genes between EBNA-3A positive and negative LCLs by RT-qPCR. Interestingly, several Miz-1 target genes, among which CDKN2B, were found to be differentialy regulated in the presence of EBNA-3A. We found that EBNA-3A inhibits Miz-1 dependant activation by inhibiting the recrutement of the co-activator NPM. Those results bring new insights to the mechanisms by which the EBNA3s, and more largely EBV, regulate the cell cycle.LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Zhodnocení vlivu výstavby Vysočina arény na rozvoj Nového Města na Moravě

This bachelor thesis is occupied by latest development of small city called Nové Město na Moravě. In 2011 there passed off a construction of sport centre called Vysočina Arena and it had a major influence on the town. The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of development judged from social economic and environmental view. Firstly the bachelor thesis is concerned with theoretical basics. It explains the fundamental concept and connections. Afterwards this thesis is focused to ascertainment individuals views of different researched sectors. During my research I used quantitative and qualitative survey. It was implemented by using web pages and straight interviews with Mayor his deputy and representative of sports club

EBNA3A and EBNA3C induce chromosome looping at the miR-221/miR-222 cluster locus.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic of the miR-221/miR-222 cluster locus depicts the location of both miRs, the HindIII sites, the 28kb pri-miR-221/222 transcription start site and primers used for the chromosome conformation capture assay. (<b>B</b>) EBNA3A-KO and EBNA3A-Rev LCLs (D3) were used for chromosome conformation analysis. Interaction between the promoter (P) of the 28kb pri-miR-221/222 and EBNA3A/3C binding site 2 (BS2 –including BS2a and BS2b, see <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005031#ppat.1005031.g008" target="_blank">Fig 8A</a>) or 3 (BS3) is dependent on the presence of EBNA3A. PCR primers (NC) corresponding to a site located downstream of the miR-221/miR-222 locus were used as a negative control. Positive control (+ve control) showed PCR reactions using a DNA control template. (<b>C</b>) Same as (B) but using p16-null LCL 3CHT (LCL 3CHT never HT) cultured for 30 days with (LCL 3CHT +HT) or without 4HT. Interaction between P to BS2 and P to BS3 occurred only when EBNA3C is active (LCL 3CHT +HT). (<b>D</b>). Loading control primers L1 and L2 amplify DNA contained in a single HindIII fragment and have been used as DNA loading control between the DNA samples used for chromosome conformation capture. (<b>E</b>) Schematic model of chromatin loop formation induced by EBNA3A and EBNA3C at miR-221/miR-222 cluster locus.</p