ESTRATEGIAS IMPLEMENTADAS EN EL SUBSISTEMA TECNICO EN EMPRESAS DE TELEFONÍA FIJA EN VENEZUELA. PERIODO 2000-2004

El sector de telecomunicaciones en Venezuela se ha caracterizado por desenvolverse muy r�pidamente; en �l se realizan cambios constantes en funci�n de lograr un mejor posicionamiento en el mercado, para lo cual, el aspecto tecnol�gico juega un papel muy importante dado que permite reducir costos y ofrecer m�s y mejores bienes y servicios por la naturaleza de dicho sector. De all� que el objetivo central del trabajo consisti� en describir las estrategias implementadas en la organizaci�n del trabajo en el subsistema t�cnico de las empresas operadoras de telefon�a fija en el estado Zulia en el per�odo 2000-2004. La investigaci�n llevada a cabo tuvo como basamento te�rico la teor�a de sistemas aplicada a la administraci�n, siendo de tipo descriptiva y el dise�o deductivo, no experimental, transeccional, estudi�ndose a la poblaci�n en su totalidad. Los datos fueron recolectados por observaci�n directa y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se concluy� que las empresas aplicaron estrategias en el subsistema t�cnico con orientaci�n sist�mica, lo cual imprime una din�mica a la organizaci�n del trabajo en funci�n del logro de interacciones efectivas dentro del mismo, diferenci�ndolo del resto de los subsistemas. La tecnolog�a es usada como herramienta, en funci�n de los productos y/o servicios que ofrecen al mercado y como instrumento de soluci�n a la mayor�a de sus problemas; sin embargo, no es considerado como elemento de interacci�n con los otros subsistemas, que es lo que determinar�a el car�cter sist�mico en las empresas.Estrategias, subsistema técnico, enfoquesistémico, interrelación.

Las tecnologías de la información en el sector petrolero de los municipios Santa Rita y Simón Bolívar

The objective of this paper is to analyze the components of information technologies — hardware, software, databases and telecommunications, and discuss the scope they have in oil sector companies of Santa Rita and Simón Bolívar Municipality, State of Zulia. Theoretical foundations used to develop this article were based on the following authors: O ‘Brien (2001), Laudon y Laudon (1996), Krajewski y Ritzman (2000), among others. The research was descriptive with a non-experimental, trans-sectional design; purposive sampling was applied to select the oil companies where research was conducted through semi-structured interviews and the analysis of related documents. Among the conclusions is evidence that the oil companies employ IT components significantly, achieving greater efficiency levels in administrative organizational operations; nevertheless, the research also reveals that some of the companies studied do not have the information technology for scientific and engineering applications needed to provide more complex services.El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en analizar los componentes de las tecnologías de la información -Hardware, Software, Bases de Datos y Telecomunicaciones- y el alcance que éstos tienen en las empresas del sector petrolero de los municipios Santa Rita y Simón Bolívar del Estado Zulia. La fundamentación teórica utilizada para el desarrollo del presente artículo se baso en los siguientes autores: O’Brien (2001), Laudon y Laudon (1996), Krajewski y Ritzman (2000), entre otros. La investigación fue descriptiva con un diseño no experimental transeccional, se aplicó un muestreo intencional para seleccionar las empresas petroleras en las cuales se realizó la investigación mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas y análisis de documentos relacionados. Entre las conclusiones obtenidas, se evidencia que las empresas petroleras emplean de manera significativa los componentes de las TI logrando mayores niveles de eficiencia en las operaciones administrativas organizacionales; sin embargo, la investigación también revela que algunas de las empresas estudiadas no cuentan con tecnología de información para aplicaciones científicas y de ingeniería necesarias para ofrecer servicios más complejos

Sistemas nacionales de ciencia y tecnología de Venezuela y Ecuador

For several years now, Latin American countries have established national systems for the development of science, technology and innovation, through public and private institutions, generating significant advances for the region; this has motivated to compare the systems of science and technology of Venezuela and Ecuador, investigating the planning, execution and promotion of science and technology of both countries. The research is documentary and descriptive, since perspective of Da Silva (2002),Escorsa y Valls (2003), UNESCO (2010), and other more. It is concluded that Ecuador has made significant progress in developing an intermediation structure based on plans to stimulate the competitiveness between national and international human resources, as a practice of scientific integration for the promotion and optimization of science and technology of its country. However, Venezuela has more time projecting this system, which is evidenced in a broader intermediation structure, using economic incentives to promote innovation, and the enhancement of local endogenous development, with the presence of an evaluating body. Despite the progress, much remains to be done on the issue, so that both countries meet the expectations that are conducive to their public policies.Desde hace varios años, los países de América Latina han constituido sistemas nacionales para el desarrollo de la ciencia, tecnología e innovación, a través de instituciones públicas y privadas, generando avances significativos para la región; esto ha motivado a comparar los sistemas de ciencia y tecnología de Venezuela y Ecuador, indagando la planeación, ejecución y promoción de ciencia y tecnología de ambos países. La investigación es documental y descriptiva, desde la visión de Da Silva (2002), Escorsa y Valls (2003), UNESCO (2010), entre otros. Se concluye que Ecuador ha tenido un avance significativo al desarrollar una estructura de intermediación basada en planes para estimular la competitividad entre recursos humanos nacionales e internacionales, como práctica de integración científica para la promoción y optimización de la ciencia y la tecnología de su país; sin embargo, Venezuela tiene más tiempo proyectando dicho sistema, lo cual se evidencia en una estructura de intermediación más amplia, usando incentivos económicos para promover la innovación, y el potenciamiento del desarrollo endógeno local. A pesar de los avances, aún queda mucho por hacer sobre la temática, para que ambos países cumplan las expectativas que propician sus políticas públicas

La diversificación y automatización de los servicios: Caso hotelero

Presently, in the beginning of the XXI century, the businesses have been suffering a series of transformations in their organizational structures, helping them to become more and more competitive in global markets, which are the result of the phenomenon that is known as “ Globalization ”. This phenomenon has not only affected companies that produce goods, but also those that offer services, and which have had to be modernized through different strategies in order to subsist or to be leaders in these global markets. To reach the desired results it was necessary carry out a bibliographical review that provided a theoretical base, and open interviews of personnel related to these services were carried out. This paper explains the classification of Hotels as companies that offer services and which represent the platform for the development of the tourist industry in the country. Likewise one of the strategies which allows hotels to become more competitive by diversifying and automating services offered is explained. This diversification can be visualized by the five-star Hotels found in the city of Maracaibo. Through the use of comparative tables that contain the services offered in these hotels, the empirical evidence of this work is presented. As a conclusion, the hotel that all of us would like to see, the hotel of the future, is described.Actualmente, en pleno siglo XXI, las empresas han venido sufriendo una serie de transformaciones en sus estructuras organizativas, conllevándolas a ser cada vez más competitivas en los mercados globalizados, las cuales son el resultado del fenómeno que se conoce como “Globalización”. Este fenómeno no solamente ha afectado a las empresas productoras de bienes, sino también a las de servicios, las cuales han tenido que modernizarse a través de distintas estrategias para poder subsistir o ser líderes dentro de dichos mercados globales. Para alcanzar los resultados obtenidos se y realizó una revisión bibliográfica que sirvió de base teórica y se realizaron entrevistas abiertas a personal relacionado con el servicio. Es por ello que el presente trabajo explica la forma como los Hoteles forman parte de las empresas que prestan servicios y los cuales representan la plataforma del desarrollo turístico de un país; de igual modo se muestra que una de las estrategias para poder ser más competitivos es diversificar y automatizar los servicios prestados por estos establecimientos, esta diversificación se puede visualizar tomando como ejemplo los Hoteles de cinco (5) estrellas de la ciudad de Maracaibo a través de cuadros comparativos que contienen los servicios prestados por los mismos y lo que representa la evidencia empírica de este trabajo; para concluir se describe como sería el Hotel que todos queremos o llamado hoy día el Hotel del futuro

Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Spatial Ecology at the Cattle-Wild Boar Interface in Northern Spain

[EN] Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious chronic disease due to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) bacteria. Monitoring of wildlife, especially potential reservoirs, is important for detecting changes in disease occurrence and assessing the impact of interventions. Here, we examined whether wild boar (Sus scrofa) may contribute to the re-emergence of TB in Asturias (10,604 km2), northern Spain. Although this province was declared free of TB in cattle in November 2021, MTC bacteria remain prevalent in several “hotspots,” with the European badger (Meles meles) suggested as a TB potential wild reservoir. Drawing on data from the Spanish National Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program and the Government of the Principality of Asturias covering the period 2014–2020, we analyzed the prevalence of TB in cattle and wild boar in this region. In hotspots (592 km2), we also investigated the ranging behavior and habitat use of five cows that belonged to farms with a history of TB and six trapped sympatric wild boar. During the observation period, TB prevalence was 0.14% among cattle overall and 0.13–0.41% in hotspots, which was much lower than the prevalence in wild boar, which was 3.15% overall and 5.23–5.96% in hotspots. Infected cattle and infected wild boar in hotspots shared the same strains of M. bovis, and GPS tracking showed spatiotemporal overlap between the species, mainly around pastures during sunrise (06:00–07:00 h) and sunset (19:00–20:00 h). Our results suggest that in addition to cattle and badgers, wild boar possibly help maintain TB in northern Spain, increasing the host richness that influences TB transmission risk in the area, which should be taken into account in monitoring and eradication efforts.SIThe authors would like to thank our colleagues from SERIDA, the Government of Asturias, SaBio-IREC, VISAVET, and the University of León for their help and support. This work is a result of the I+D+i research project RTI2018-096010-B-C21, funded by the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/Ministry of Science, Innovation and the European Regional Development Funds (FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa), and of PCTI 2021–2023 (GRUPIN: IDI2021-000102) funded by Principado de Asturias and FEDER. This work was partially financed by the Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Gloria Herrero-García is funded by Junta de Castilla y León and FSE (grant no. LE036-20

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infection in Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) and Cattle in Asturias, Spain

Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/)[EN] The present work investigated the prevalence, spatial distribution, and temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in free-ranging Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and cattle in Asturias (Atlantic Spain) during a 13-year follow-up. The study objective was to assess the role of badgers as a TB reservoir for cattle and other sympatric wild species in the region. Between 2008 and 2020, 673 badgers (98 trapped and 575 killed in road traffic accidents) in Asturias were necropsied, and their tissue samples were cultured for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolation. Serum samples were tested in an in-house indirect P22 ELISA to detect antibodies against the MTC. In parallel, data on MTC isolation and single intradermal tuberculin test results were extracted for cattle that were tested and culled as part of the Spanish National Program for the Eradication of Bovine TB. A total of 27/639 badgers (4.23%) were positive for MTC based on bacterial isolation, while 160/673 badgers (23.77%) were found to be positive with the P22 ELISA. The rate of seroposi-tivity was higher among adult badgers than subadults. Badger TB status was spatially and tempo-rally associated with cattle TB status. Our results cannot determine the direction of possible interspecies transmission, but they are consistent with the idea that the two hosts may exert infection pressure on each other. This study highlights the importance of the wildlife monitoring of infection and disease during epidemiological interventions in order to optimize outcomes.SIThis work was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) reference project RTI2018-096010-B-C21 (FEDER co-funded), PCTI 2018–2020 (GRUPIN: IDI2018-000237), and FEDER and Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. C.B.V. was supported by a grant from the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Spain. Publication costs were covered with funds from RTI2018- 096010-B-C21 (FEDER co-funded). T.D.B. was supported by a fellowship from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES; process number 88887.511077/2020-00)The authors acknowledge invaluable support from their colleagues at SERIDA (Miguel Prieto and Alberto Espí), the University of León, the Servicio de Espacios Protegidos y Conservación de la Naturaleza, the Dirección General del Medio Natural y Planificación Rural del Principado de Asturias, the Servicio de Sanidad y Producción Animal del Principado de Asturias, the Regional Animal Health Laboratory of Principado de Asturias, VISAVET and Instituto de Salud Carlos III. We thank A. Chapin Rodríguez (Creaducate Consulting GmbH) for critically reviewing the manuscript

Selenium and impaired physical function in US and Spanish older adults

Background: Selenium (Se) is a trace element with a narrow safety margin. Objectives: To evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal dose-response association between Se exposure and measures of impaired physical function and disability in older adults. Design: NHANES 2011–2014 cross-sectional (US, n = 1733, age ≥60 years) and Seniors-ENRICA-2 2017–2019 cross-sectional and longitudinal (Spain, n = 2548 and 1741, respectively, age ≥65 years) data were analyzed. Whole blood and serum Se levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Lowerextremity performance was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery, and muscle weakness with a dynamometer. Incident mobility and agility limitations, and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were ascertained with standardized questionnaires. Analyses were adjusted for relevant confounders, including physical activity. Results across studies were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Meta-analyzed odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per log2 increase in whole blood Se were 0.54 (0.32; 0.76) for weakness, 0.59 (0.34; 0.83) for impaired lower-extremity performance, 0.48 (0.31; 0.68) for mobility limitations, 0.71 (0.45; 0.97) for agility limitations, and 0.34 (0.12; 0.56) for disability in at least one IADL. Analyses for serum Se in NHANES showed similar results. Findings suggest the inverse association with grip strength is progressive below 140 μg/L (p-value for non-linear trend in the Seniors-ENRICA-2 study = 0.13), and above 140 μg/L (p-value for non-linear trend in NHANES = 0.11). In the Seniors-ENRICA-2 cohort, with a 2.2 year follow-up period, a doubling in baseline Se levels were associated with a lower incidence of weakness [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.45 (0.22; 0.91)], impaired lower-extremity performance [0.63 (0.32; 1.23)], mobility [0.43 (0.21; 0.91)] and agility [0.38 (0.18; 0.78)] limitations. Discussion: In US and Spanish older adults, Se concentrations were inversely associated with physical function limitations. Further studies are needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms.Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Commission PI18/287 16/609State Secretary of R + D + I PID2019-108973RB-C21/C22European Social Fund (ESF) European Commissio

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infection in Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) and Cattle in Asturias, Spain

The present work investigated the prevalence, spatial distribution, and temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in free-ranging Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and cattle in Asturias (Atlantic Spain) during a 13-year follow-up. The study objective was to assess the role of badgers as a TB reservoir for cattle and other sympatric wild species in the region. Between 2008 and 2020, 673 badgers (98 trapped and 575 killed in road traffic accidents) in Asturias were necropsied, and their tissue samples were cultured for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolation. Serum samples were tested in an in-house indirect P22 ELISA to detect antibodies against the MTC. In parallel, data on MTC isolation and single intradermal tuberculin test results were extracted for cattle that were tested and culled as part of the Spanish National Program for the Eradication of Bovine TB. A total of 27/639 badgers (4.23%) were positive for MTC based on bacterial isolation, while 160/673 badgers (23.77%) were found to be positive with the P22 ELISA. The rate of seropositivity was higher among adult badgers than subadults. Badger TB status was spatially and temporally associated with cattle TB status. Our results cannot determine the direction of possible interspecies transmission, but they are consistent with the idea that the two hosts may exert infection pressure on each other. This study highlights the importance of the wildlife monitoring of infection and disease during epidemiological interventions in order to optimize outcomes

Outcomes and prognostic factors of adults with refractory or relapsed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia included in measurable residual disease-oriented trials

Despite high complete remission (CR) rates with frontline therapy, relapses are frequent in adults with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with limited salvage options. We analyzed the outcomes and prognostic factors for CR to salvage therapy and overall survival (OS) of patients with R/R T-ALL included in two prospective measurable residual disease-oriented trials. Seventy-five patients (70 relapsed, 5 refractory) were identified. Relapses occurred in bone marrow, isolated or combined in 50 patients, and in the central nervous system (CNS; isolated or combined) in 20. Second CR was attained in 30/75 patients (40%). Treatment with FLAG-Ida and isolated CNS relapse were independently associated with a higher CR rate after first salvage therapy. The median OS was 6.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9–8.6) months, with a 4-year OS probability of 18% (95% CI, 9%–27%). No differences in survival were observed according to the treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients in CR after first salvage therapy. Multivariable analysis showed a ≥12-month interval between first CR and relapse, CR after first salvage therapy and isolated CNS relapse as favorable prognostic factors for OS with hazard ratios (HR) (95% CI) of 1.931 (1.109–3.362), 2.958 (1.640–5.334), and 2.976 (1.157–7.655), respectively. This study confirms the poor outcomes of adults with R/R T-ALL among whom FLAG-Ida was the best of the rescue therapies evaluated. Late relapse, CR after first rescue therapy and isolated CNS relapse showed prognostic impact on survival. More effective rescue therapies are needed in adults with R/R T-ALL.La Caixa" Foundation and ISCIII, Grant/ Award Number: PI19/01828; Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC), Grant/Award Number: 2017 SGR28