Anonymity In Cyberspace: Judicial and Legislative Regulations

Historically, the scope of constitutional protections for fundamental rights has evolved to keep pace with new social norms and new technology. Internet speech is on the rise. The First Amendment protects an individual’s right to speak anonymously, but to what extent does it protect a right to anonymous online speech? This question is difficult because the government must balance the fundamental nature of speech rights with the potential dangers associated with anonymous online speech, including defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. While lower courts have held that there is a right to anonymous online speech, they have not yet adopted a common standard. Meanwhile, to simplify the confusion and protect the rights of those who are injured by anonymous online speech, state legislatures are seeking to restrict some or all anonymous online-speech rights. This Note explores the history of speech regulation, with a special focus on the history of anonymous online speech, and the justifications for protecting speech rights. It then discusses the judicial standards under which courts require disclosure of anonymous speakers and the current legislative proposals to restrict speech rights. Next, this Note suggests that legislatures should not restrict speech rights, and should instead expand the remedies available to those injured by harmful speech. This Note also suggests that courts should adopt a summary judgment standard that requires plaintiffs to provide evidence demonstrating that the anonymous speaker has committed a tort before requiring the speaker to disclose his or her identity

Selection for reduced methane emission in Norwegian Red cows

Over the past years, methane production from dairy cattle gained a significant attraction because of its contribution to climate change and loss of dietary energy from the animals. This the first study to compare methane emission between high milk yielding (HL) and mastitis resistance (FL) lines of Norwegian Red cows, in level and development through lactation. The study also focussed on estimating the effects of genetic group, parity, lactation stage and calving season on methane emission. The data consisted of 5,012 observations of methane production measured with Greenfeed system from a herd of 47 Norwegian Red cows at the Center for Animal Experiments (SHF), NMBU. The data were analyzed using R software and least square means were calculated for methane production. The average methane production was 441g/d ranging from 115g/d to 497g/d. Overall, the average methane production was higher for HL in comparison to FL. The analysis of methane production showed that the effect of genetic group on methane emission was not significant (p-value: 0.802993), whereas lactation number, calving month- year, lactation week and group * lactation number all had a significant effect (p-value 0.05). It is concluded that selection for mastitis resistance or milk yield provides basis for indirect selection for methane reduction, however, further experiments are required for building a solid conclusion.EM-AB

The prestige economy of elite education: a Baudrillardian analysis of an aspirational English school

Academic entrepreneurial behaviours are increasingly a research field paralleling processes of capitalist commodification. We mobilise Baudrillard’s concepts to probe a school’s strategic communication methods symbolising class neoliberalism, which aspirational parents may experience as a desired habitus of ‘distinction’. We suggest their knowledge of class and education, once imported into the interpretation of this school’s web presence, will coalesce with its simulacra of elite education. Our account encourages comparisons with selective school websites and utilises the qualitative data on the public site of this school, a methodological approach that has been fruitfully utilised by scholars uncovering the ideological representations created by providers who market UK higher education. The intervention into the marketplace of the selective fee-paying English education of Independent Grammar School: Durham (IGSD) through such a penumbra of symbolic meaning forms part of its pursuit of a competitive edge. International studies of schools chasing prestige and consumer desire confirm that the policies and practices described have become widespread, as shown in the oeuvre of Stephen Ball, whose writings inform the approach of this article. The marketing of the ‘brand’ identified through our theoretically driven analysis may encourage consumers to opt out of the state sector. Neoliberal-class markers of prestige contribute to the erosion of welfare-oriented school ideals in England, and in other nations

Construction of Differences Through Movies: A Case Study of Portrayal of Kashmiri Muslims in Indian Movies

Indian movies are very popular in sub-continent and have equal rate of viewership in Pakistan as they have in India. On the other hand, movies have been known as the best tool for agenda setting since years. This had been experimented successfully at first in second world war and afterwards in USSR-Afghan war. This paper explores the portrayal of Kashmir’s in Indian movies in the same context of agenda setting. The main objective of the study is to determine whether Kashmiri Muslims are positively or negatively portrayed in Indian movies and are given equal representation or not. The researcher has employed the survey research and content analysis method for the study. Three Indian movies involving Kashmiri characters have been selected for content analysis. For the survey purpose, students of University of Punjab have been selected as population and a sample size of 150 have been taken through simple random sampling. The results of the study show that Kashmiri Muslims are portrayed as rebels and terrorist, and, are given only negative characters to perform. The study explains this phenomenon with help of Agenda Setting Theory

Achieving Insan Kamil Through Maqamat Tauhid Muhammad Nafis Al-Banjari andits Relevance to Modern Life

Insan kamil is an urgent concept to be understood and imitated for humans who want to achieve human perfection and even make it a way of life. However, there are various paradigms that differ in understanding and achieving the degree of insan kamil itself. This study aims to explain a method or method in achieving the degree of insan kamil through the maqamat of monotheism of Muhammad Nafis al-Banjari, which is contained in the book of ad-Durrun Nafis. This study uses a qualitative model with the type of literature study research with content analysis methods. The results of this study indicate that people who have undergone maqamat-maqamat tauhid will arrive at fanna fillah and baqa fillah where, when a servant has achieved it, will be classified as a perfect human being. This study concludes that the concept of insan kamil is very important to understand, because in reaching the insan kamil a salik will go through the stations of monotheism where the fruit of doing this will be able to see the essence of all events in this universe to avoid actions. the bad one

Lifelong learning in the UK: the need for adult citizenship education

This paper explores the purpose of adult education with reference to the UK, and in particular England where there has been significant change since the 1980s. It is argued that the social purpose of adult education that existed prior to the 1980s has been undermined by successive governments under a learning economy hegemony, premised upon an economic imperative. A decade of austerity has resulted in adult education being severely underfunded, which it is argued has affected the most marginalized and vulnerable n society: those who need education the most as their only route to social mobility and social contact. The paper highlights the benefits of basic skills and non-formal courses not only in terms of economic benefit but also of individual well-being. However, for true emancipation it argues for the teaching of Citizenship Education (CE); only by being politically literate can one be cognizant of one’s rights, and demand them, in addition to engaging in active civic participation. Unfortunately, in the UK, CE is only available to children in compulsory education and for immigrants, which leaves many native adults without any. The consequences for political literacy, social mobility, and economic and social wellbeing are considerable. CE it is argued is vital for sustaining democracy

Lifelong learning in the UK: the need for adult citizenship education

This paper explores the purpose of adult education with reference to the UK, and in particular England where there has been significant change since the 1980s. It is argued that the social purpose of adult education that existed prior to the 1980s has been undermined by successive governments under a learning economy hegemony, premised upon an economic imperative. A decade of austerity has resulted in adult education being severely underfunded, which it is argued has affected the most marginalized and vulnerable n society: those who need education the most as their only route to social mobility and social contact. The paper highlights the benefits of basic skills and non-formal courses not only in terms of economic benefit but also of individual well-being. However, for true emancipation it argues for the teaching of Citizenship Education (CE); only by being politically literate can one be cognizant of one’s rights, and demand them, in addition to engaging in active civic participation. Unfortunately, in the UK, CE is only available to children in compulsory education and for immigrants, which leaves many native adults without any. The consequences for political literacy, social mobility, and economic and social wellbeing are considerable. CE it is argued is vital for sustaining democracy