Surat-e-Nou’ya - An Analytical Description with Special Reference to Unani Medicine

The era in which the Unani Medicine was conceptualize, the only applied science exist was Falsafa (Philosophy), hence whatever knowledge exist at that time the ancient Unani scholars validate it through philosophical proposition and discernment. This is the reason behind philosophical dominancy embodied in the classical literature of Unani Medicine. The rhetoric philosophy of Unani Medicine is having numerous concept those are either unexplored or explored but not understood to the extent of its insight to modern scientific world. Hence validation and explanation of such concepts will pave the modern scientific world to understand Unani Medicine better and to the extent of it discern. Surat-e-Nou’ya is one such concept in Unani Medicine which requires to be analyzed intellectually and explaining scientifically. This study is an attempt to explore the semantic of Surat-e-Nou’ya, its understanding in the Unani Classics and in its interpretation in modern day’s scientific world

Paper-based analytical devices for colorimetric detection of: S. aureus and E. coli and their antibiotic resistant strains in milk

Animal derived milk which is an important part of human diet due to its high nutritional value not only supports humans but also presents a growth environment for pathogenic bacteria. Milk may become contaminated with bacteria through udder infections or through contact within the dairy farm environment. Infections are treated with antibiotics, with β-lactams most commonly used in veterinary medicine. However, their frequent use leads to the emergence of β-lactam resistant bacterial strains, which causes difficulties in the treatment of infections in both humans and animals. Detection of pathogens as well as their antibiotic sensitivity is a pre-requisite for successful treatment and this is generally achieved with laboratory-based techniques such as growth inhibition assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), which are unavailable in resource-limited settings. Here, we investigated paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for the presumptive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and their antibiotic resistant bacterial strains in milk samples. The μPADs were fabricated on filter paper using wax printing, and then impregnated with chromogenic substrates, which reacted with bacterial enzymes to form coloured products. Limits of detection of S. aureus and E. coli and their antibiotic resistant strains in milk samples were found to be 106 cfu mL-1. Enrichment of milk samples in a selective medium for 12 h enabled detection as low as 10 cfu mL-1. The paper devices tested on a set of 640 milk samples collected from dairy animals in Pakistan demonstrated more than 90% sensitivity and 100% selectivity compared to PCR, showing promise to provide inexpensive and portable diagnostic solutions for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in resource-limited settings

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance, Economic Growth and Decentralization

Irrespective of the degree of tax and expenditure decentralization, every federation and unitary state face the problem of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI). The transfer dependency of subnational governments led them to substitute central transfers over their own revenue effort and this is historically evident in Pakistan. The contribution of provincial own revenues to the provincial expenditures is not much decent, which led to higher magnitude of VFIs. This paper is an empirical investigation of VFI, and its determinants. Based on a strongly balanced panel data at provincial (subnational) level from 1971 to 2021, we studied the effect of economic growth, tax decentralization, expenditure decentralization, and Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution on VFIs. One of the key distinctions of this paper is modelling economic growth using per capita energy consumption which includes electricity, natural gas and set of petroleum products. Economic growth proxied through per capita energy consumption has negative association with VFI which means a corrective effect on VFI. Similarly, tax decentralization is also negatively associated with VFI, which obviously means corrective effect and less transfer dependency on federal government. To the contrary a positive association between expenditure decentralization and VFI is indicative that increase in government size/budget outlay are broadly financed through federal transfers thereby creating larger vertical fiscal imbalances. This also give policy prescription for future, that tax decentralization has disproportionality higher benefits compared to expenditure decentralization in terms of magnitude of VFIs. Based on different model specifications, we found that Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution has both corrective and expansionary effect on VFIs

An Overview of Prophylacticand Curative Approach for COVID-19 in Unani System of Medicine and Need of Development of the SOPs

COVID-19 also known as Novel Corona Virus Pneumonia, is a viral disease caused by novel corona virus. The infection is highly contagious in nature and spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. According to Unani System of Medicine, epidemiology and clinical features of COVID-19 like fever, cough, tiredness, sore throat, running nose, nasal congestion, difficulty in breathing, etc. are similar to Nazla-e-wabai (Epidemic Influenza) up to a great extent.On the basis of fundamental approach for living a healthy lifestyle and preventive measures during epidemic spread mentioned in classical  Unani texts, some standard operating procedures (SOPs)  are suggested for prophylactic and curative purpose in the management of COVID-19 pandemic

The Impact and Implications of ISO Certification on Patient Satisfaction-A Single-Centre Study.

Objective: To examine the impact of the international organization for standardization (ISO), the challenges faced in its implementation and the implications of the process on patient care in the long-term accreditation in a tertiary care hospital in Kharian. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2019. Methodology: Patient satisfaction questionnaires were given to 1600 patients presenting to the Indoor, Outdoor, Accidents & Emergency, Pharmacy, Radiology Department and Laboratory of Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Pakistan, as a part of a routine ISO audit annually for 2019. Responses were analyzed and tabulated. Results: The upward trend in patient satisfaction was attributed to administrative intervention policies based on patient complaints and suggestions incorporated into the questionnaires’ comment boxes. There was a significant difference between the response rates of patients in departments (p=0.016). It indicates that the satisfaction rate was higher among different departments. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction is directly proportional to interventional measures based on patient feedback. When utilised positively, these feedback loops can lead to an increase in the hospital's overall efficiency index and the standard of care

Teacher’s Questioning Effects on Students Communication in Classroom Performance

Classroom questioning has been more of a puzzle regarding its role in learning output among school students. Research studies point to its significance in affecting students’ performance and achievement. The purpose of this study is to investigate how students perceive teachers’ questions in the classroom and relate them to their academic participation. The study also inquires question-types that are more or less favorably received and their consequences. The study is conducted in three schools (Grade V to VIII), and a sample of 50 students was purposively selected and interviewed through semi-structured interviews. A qualitative method is used to analyze the data; where the primary data is supported by secondary information and previous scholarly arguments. The discussion reveals that questioning in the classroom is positively associated. The study recommends that training sessions and workshops should be organized for teachers along with induction of practical courses on how to use effective questions in the classroom. Furthermore, developmental questions can be used by developmental managers in the workplace as they encourage their employees to think for themselves when taking care of customers and increasing productivity. Keywords: Teachers, classroom, questioning, high-order question, low-order question, wait time

Coefficient Bounds for Some Families of Starlike and Convex Functions of Reciprocal Order

The aim of the present paper is to investigate coefficient estimates, Fekete-Szegő inequality, and upper bound of third Hankel determinant for some families of starlike and convex functions of reciprocal order