INDICAÇÕES DE OVARIOHISTERECTOMIA TERAPÊUTICA EM GATAS

Ovariohysterectomy (OH) is the most performed surgical procedure in the veterinary routine. Such surgery can be carried out as a treatment for diseases, being called therapeutic OH. Thus, the present review aims to determine the indications for therapeutic OH in cats. For this purpose, a search was carried out on scientific article websites using terms related to the topic, covering the period from 2012 to 2022 (10 years). The articles on the indication of therapeutic OH in cats were analyzed and the data obtained were arranged in a table and graph. Twenty-seven publications were analyzed, totaling 1,264 cases of therapeutic OH in cats. Pyometra was the most frequent disease, totaling 1,010 cases (79.90%). Ovarian cyst was the second most frequent cause, comprising 95 cases (7.51%). The third most frequent cause of therapeutic HO was dystocia, representing 81 cases (6.40%). Breast hyperplasia was an indication for therapeutic OH in 30 cases (2.37%). Uterine prolapse and uterine torsion had the same frequency (11 cases; 0.87%). Fetal maceration was a therapeutic indication in three reports (0.23%) in the analyzed articles. There were ten other less common indications of therapeutic OH in cats. Thus, the results indicate pyometra as the most frequent disease; however, few articles were found on the subject, indicating the need for more studies involving the feline species.Ovariohisterectomia (OH) é o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado na rotina veterinária. Tal cirurgia pode ser realizada como tratamento de enfermidades, sendo denominada de OH terapêutica. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é determinar quais as indicações de OH terapêutica em gatas. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca em sites de artigos científicos utilizando-se termos relacionados ao tema, abrangendo o período de 2012 a 2022 (10 anos). Os artigos sobre indicação de OH terapêutica em gatas foram analisados e os dados obtidos foram dispostos em tabela e gráfico. Foram analisadas 27 publicações, perfazendo 1.264 casos de OH terapêutica em gatas. Piometra foi a enfermidade mais frequente, totalizando 1.010 casos (79,90%). Cisto ovariano foi a segunda causa mais frequente, compreendendo 95 casos (7,51%). A terceira causa mais frequente de OH terapêutica foi a distocia, representando 81 casos (6,40%). A hiperplasia mamária foi indicação de OH terapêutica em 30 casos (2,37%). Prolapso uterino e torção uterina obtiveram a mesma frequência (11 casos; 0,87%). Maceração fetal foi uma indicação terapêutica em três relatos (0,23%) nos artigos analisados. Ocorreram dez outras indicações menos comuns de OH terapêutica em gatas. Desta forma, os resultados indicam a piometra como a doença mais frequente, entretanto, foram encontrados poucos artigos sobre o tema, indicando a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo a espécie felina

Surgical Approach in Calves with Omphalitis

Background:Pathological changes in the umbilical region are common in calves. Among such alterations, omphalitis is included. This term is used to define inflammation and infection of the external structures of the umbilicus. According to the affected structures, it can be subclassified into omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis, omphalourachitis and panvasculitis. These inflammations are usually associated with bacterial infections. There are predisposing conditions that include inadequate handling such as poor hygiene and neglect of primary care. Omphalitis can affect the animal in a multisystemic way, compromising its well-being and bringing economic losses. In treatment, the use of antimicrobials does not always solve the problem. Thus, surgical treatment can be used, which has good results and should be the choice in the disease. The objective of this work is to report 30 cases of omphalitis in calves, submitted to surgical or conservative treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty cases of omphalitis in calves treated in the routine of the Veterinary Hospital of the Paranaense University was analyzed. On physical examination, the animals presented fever, apathy, hyporexia or anorexia and increase of umbilical volume, usually with purulent secretion. Some animals had sepsis and arthritis. In animals with sepsis, hyperemia of the episcleral vessels, dehydration and severe apathy were observed. In calves with arthritis, increased joint volume, pain on palpation and lameness were observed. In animals where the owners did not authorize the surgery, treatment was instituted with sulfadoxine and flunixim meglumine. In dehydrated calves, fluid therapy was used. Animals that were surgically treated received the same clinical treatment protocol as non-operated animals. The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia and consisted of resection of the affected umbilical structures. Omphalophlebitis was the most common illness. The most frequent complication was sepsis. Calves treated surgically had a higher survival rate (86.66%) than those treated clinically (46.67%).Discussion: The clinical signs presented by all animals converged with the literature, allowing for clinical diagnosis. Clinical examination is essential for diagnosis in omphalitis cases. Complementary methods include ultrasound, thermography and laparoscopy, which are important to identify changes in intra-abdominal umbilical structures. Accurate diagnosis of the involved structures was only possible in animals surgically, as well as alterations in organs such as the liver and bladder. There is great variability related to the umbilical structures involved, according to initial care, breeds, seasonality or even the method of conception. Unlike what is observed in the literature, in the present study, there was a higher prevalence of omphalophlebitis, demonstrating variability in relation to the umbilical structures involved. Sepsis, observed in 16.7% of cases, results from bacterial ascension of the umbilical structures. Lameness due to polyarthritis was found in 10% of animals. Meningoencephalitis was observed in 3.3%. Hepatic and retroperitoneal abscedation were observed in 6.7% and 3.3% of cases, respectively. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and local antiseptics has a limited effect on this type of condition, which was proven in the presentstudy, since the survival rate was statistically higher in animalssurgically treated.Keywords: surgery, umbilical structures, bovine, neonate.Descritores: cirurgia, estruturas umbilicais, bovinos, neonato.Título: Surgical Approach in Calves with Omphalitis

Casuística cirúrgica em cães de um Hospital Veterinário - Universidade Federal do Piauí

The objective of this report was to record surgical procedures performed in 241 dogs in a teaching veterinary hospital. There were 40 elective surgical procedures (16.6%) and 201 therapeutic surgical procedures (83.4%). The most frequent procedure was ovariohysterectomy (OH), 65% (26/40) and 24.38% (49/201), respectively, for elective and therapeutic surgical procedures. Among therapeutic surgical procedures were registered fracture reduction (16.91%, 34/201), mastectomies (13.93%, 28/201), drainage of the otohematoma (12.94%; 26/201) and ophthalmic surgical procedures (5.47%, 11/201). The high percentage of therapeutic surgical procedures conducted demonstrates the complexity of the cases attended daily in a teaching veterinary hospital.O presente relato tem o objetivo de registrar procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados em 241 cães em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário. Foram realizados 40 procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos (16,6%) e 201 procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos (83,4%). Em ambos os casos, o procedimento mais frequente foi ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), 65% (26/40) e 24,38% (49/201) respectivamente para procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos e terapêuticos. Entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos foram registradas redução de fraturas (16,91%; 34/201), mastectomias (13,93%; 28/201), drenagem de otohematomas (12,94%; 26/201) e procedimentos cirúrgicos oftálmicos (5,47%; 11/201). A alta porcentagem de procedimentos cirúrgicos terapêuticos demonstra a complexidade dos casos atendidos diariamente em um Hospital Escola

Impactos do diagnóstico de autismo nos núcleos familiares no Brasil central

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) ou simplesmente autismo compreende, de forma geral, uma gama de sinais, sintomas e manifestações neurocomportamentais, as quais interferem diretamente no desenvolvimento social do indivíduo. Esses padrões são, muitas das vezes, visualizados ainda na primeira infância, e a detecção precoce da síndrome proporciona inúmeras vantagens, a curto e a longo prazo, não somente para o infante como também para a família, no que tange a minimizar os efeitos desse diagnóstico, sejam eles de cunho afetivo, econômico e/ou interpessoais. Nesse sentido, tem-se como objetivo dessa pesquisa identificar os impactos do diagnóstico de autismo no núcleo familiar. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal quantitativo, o qual será realizado no complexo da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais – APAE, no município de Anápolis, com os familiares responsáveis pelas crianças e adolescentes frequentadores da instituição. A coleta de dados dar-se-á por meio de um questionário elaborado pelos autores, com perguntas objetivas, relacionadas com o que foi vivenciado pelos indivíduos, a existência de sentimentos como o medo, eventuais adaptações financeiras, consequências psicológicas e implicações sociais. Dessa forma, espera-se conhecer quais são, de fato, as reais repercussões sentidas rotineiramente pelas famílias após o diagnóstico da síndrome, contando com informações verídicas e atuais

Incisional Hernia in a Dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas of the abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occurs in an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional hernias in animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided to describe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of the veterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incision was made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissue was then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed, the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after careful palpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intense inflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed. The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin sutures were the same as the first surgery. Ten days after the second surgery, stitches were removed, and the bitch had fully recovered. Discussion: One of the factors that may have contributed to the occurrence of the hernia was carrying out the surgical procedure in a practical class. The difficulties shown by students are related to the long learning curve, the complexity of the invasive technique, and the lack of ability. The apprentice surgeon can cause injuries in the tissues due to excessive manipulation. Post-incision hernias are acquired and formed when a cavity wall closed by surgery is ruptured. Another factor that may have contributed to the occurrence of the hernia described here is unsatisfactory postoperative care, which may be considered as one of the factors for acute cases of incisional hernias. Information on postoperative care after the patient was returned to the shelter is not available. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the patient, in contact with other animals by means of games or even fights, could have ruptured the points, thus causing dehiscence of the suture in the abdominal wall. However, it was concluded that the most probable factors involved in the etiology of the hernia in question were nutritional deficiencies along with the inexperience of the surgeon. The treatment adopted in the patient (herniorrhaphy) was adequate for the correction of the hernia. The technique and the material to be used in the procedure are of great importance, since it must be resistant enough to avoid recurrences. In the patient in question, nylon thread was used in separate U-shaped stitches. In the literature, there are reports that unabsorbable yarns used at separate points present the lowest rate of dehiscence and relapse in the abdominal wall sutures. The incisional hernia can be prevented by preparing the patient for surgery, improving the nutritional requirements, and by a more intense training of the students performing the surgical procedure in the neutering program of dogs and cats during practical classes

ZOONOSES PARASITÁRIAS ORIUNDAS DE FEZES DE CÃES NO BRASIL

The growing number of companion animals, especially in large cities, has narrowed the contact between these animals and man, increasing human exposure to agents of zoonoses. The incidence of parasitic zoonoses is frequent in dogs. Among the parasitary zoonoses are Giardiasis, Dipilidiosis, Cryptosporodiosis, Toxocariasis, cutaneous larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and visceral larva migrans. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of these zoonoses transmitted by dog feces in Brazil. A search was performed in scientific academic journals available online and in print, with the following indexing terms: parasitary zoonoses and intestinal parasites in dogs. Articles published from 1958 to 2021 were included in the study. Based on these articles, the different data related to the main parasitic zoonoses in dogs, etiology, form of transmission, and treatment were gathered and compared.O crescente número de animais de companhia, principalmente nos grandes centros, tem estreitado o contato entre esses e o homem, aumentando a exposição humana a agentes de zoonoses. A incidência de zoonoses parasitárias é frequente em cães. Entre as zoonoses parasitárias estão: Giardíase, Dipilidiose, Criptosporodiose, Toxocaríase, Larva migrans cutânea, Larva migrans ocular e Larva migrans visceral. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura dessas zoonoses transmitidas por fezes de cães no Brasil. Foi realizada, para isso, uma busca em revistas acadêmicas científicas disponíveis on-line e impressas, com os seguintes termos de indexação: zoonoses parasitárias e parasitos intestinais em cães; sendo incluídos no estudo artigos publicados a partir de 1958 até 2021. Dessa forma, foram reunidos e comparados os diferentes dados encontrados nas fontes de consulta e listadas as principais zoonoses parasitárias em cães, além de etiologia, forma de transmissão e tratamento

RELATO DE DOIS CASOS DE MASTITE PÓS-PARTO EM CADELAS

Algumas das urgências reprodutivas presentes na espécie canina incluem distocias, piometra e mastite, sendo esta última, a inflamação bacteriana de uma ou mais glândulas mamárias, secundária ao parto em cadelas. Objetivou-se, com o presente relato, descrever dois casos de mastite em cadelas sem raça definida. Os dois casos foram diagnosticados por meio da anamnese e exame clínico, porém, no segundo caso foram realizados exames complementares (hemograma; cultura e antibiograma). O tratamento do primeiro caso foi feito com cefalexina e tintura de iodo topicamente nas tetas. Para o segundo caso, em decorrência da realização da cultura e antibiograma, detectou-se sensibilidade a alguns antibióticos e resistência a outros. Assim, o animal foi tratado com amoxicilina associada a ácido clavulânico. Em ambos os casos houve recuperação completa das pacientes. O diagnóstico precoce da enfermidade é importante devido ao caráter emergencial da doença. O tratamento, baseado em antimicrobianos, foi eficiente e adequado para os casos em questão

O QUE HÁ DE NOVO EM CASTRAÇÃO QUÍMICA DE ANIMAIS MACHOS?

Castration is one of the most performed procedures in veterinary clinical practice. Chemical castration is a non-invasive method, which leads to a total or partial reduction in the production of sperm, causing reproductive dysfunction. Such a procedure has advantages such as low cost, simplicity and the possibility of sterilizing many animals. In this paper, a current review (from 2016) on chemical castration in animals as a viable alternative to castrate males is carried out. Papers that describe chemical castration in several species were retrieved. The chemical castration technique is most often performed with local anesthesia and includes the introduction of substances into the testicles with the use of syringes and needles. Various substances can be used to perform chemical castration in animals. The most used in practice are calcium chloride and hypertonic sodium chloride. The main disadvantage of chemical castration is related to the pain produced by the injection of a substance inside the testicle. Edema and inflammation occur, but they are transient. It was concluded that chemical castration is a viable technique to be used in male animals. It can be used in farm animals, especially for small producers. Besides that, it can be useful in the population control of dogs and cats. Further studies with different drugs, doses and species are needed, including long-term studies that should focus especially on the reversibility of the method, carcinogenesis and behavioral changes.A castração é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na prática clínica veterinária. A castração química é um método não invasivo, que leva à redução total ou parcial da produção de espermatozoides, causando disfunção reprodutiva. Tal procedimento apresenta vantagens como baixo custo, simplicidade e possibilidade de esterilização de um grande número de animais. Neste artigo realiza-se uma revisão atual (a partir de 2016) sobre castração química em animais como uma alternativa viável para castrar machos. Foram resgatados artigos que descrevem castração química em diversas espécies. A técnica de castração química na maioria das vezes é realizada com anestesia local e inclui a introdução de substâncias no interior dos testículos com a utilização de seringas e agulhas. Várias substâncias podem ser utilizadas para realizar castração química em animais. As mais empregadas na prática são cloreto de cálcio e cloreto de sódio hipertônico. A principal desvantagem da castração química se relaciona à dor produzida pela injeção de uma substância no interior do testículo. Ocorre edema e processo inflamatório, mas são transitórios. Concluiu-se que a castração química é uma técnica viável para ser utilizada em animais machos. Pode ser empregada em animais de produção, especialmente para os pequenos produtores. Além disso, pode ser útil no controle populacional de cães e gatos. São necessários mais estudos com fármacos, doses e espécies diferentes, inclusive estudos a longo prazo que devem enfocar especialmente a reversibilidade do método, a carcinogênese e as alterações comportamentais

Persistent Right Aortic Arch in a Dog

Background:  :  : Vascular ring anomalies were congenital malformation of the great vessels, caused by defects in embryogenesis of the aortic arches. In dogs the most common type is persistent right aortic arch (PRAA). The PRAA occurs when the fourth right aortic arch persists instead of left to form the aorta. This malformation causes extraluminal compression of the esophagus up to the base of the heart. The constriction leads to esophageal dilatation secondary, located cranial to the base heart. The food, which can not progress beyond the narrowing, is regurgitated intermittently. Thus, the main clinical sign of disease is regurgitation when the patient starts eating solid foods. Respiratory clinical signs (mainly pneumonia by aspiration) may occur and can complicate the disease. The diagnosis is suspected by history (puppies at weaning) and physical examination. The diagnosis is confirmed by the esophagogram, where the image is characteristic (esophagic dilatation cranial base of the heart). The treatment of the affection is surgical, with transection and ligature of the vascular ring, viewed during thoracotomy by fourth intercostal space. The postoperative management which consists mainly of liquid diet and/or pasty is important for total recovery of the animal. In some cases, the animal must receive a special diet for life to prevent regurgitation. However at long term, most operated animal presents important sequels. These sequelae include respiratory disorders and low development of animal. The objective of the present paper is to relate a case of bitch with persistent right aortic arch, successful treated surgically, without serious clinical consequences. Case: A mongrel bitch with 2 months of age was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of the Piauí, Brazil, with vomiting. At the clinical examination was observed increase in volume in the cervical region. Radiographic examination revealed dilatation cranial to the heart base, characterizing megaesohagus. The diagnosis was PRAA. The dog was submitted at thoracotomy by fourth right intercostal space. The ligamentum arteriosum was localized and ligated at the distal and craniallly. During transoperative was made blood transfusion for correction of the  anemia detected in preoperative period. The chest wall was closed routinely. Two days after surgery the dog was discharged. The postoperative diet consisted of liquids for a week, followed by semi-solid food always in bipedal position. After discharge, the owner returned for monthly visits for a year, with completion of physical examination and radiographs. Discussion: PRAA is most common in purebred dog, but in this case the animal is a mixed breed dog. The diagnosis was suspected due to history, and confirmed by esophagogram, where there was megaesophagus cranial to the heart base, according by literature. The surgical treatment, rapidly decided, and the absence of pneumonia, which is the main complication postsurgical, contributed to the observed good results. The blood transfusion to correct anemia also was important for the recovery of the animal. There is an esophageal dilatation after one year, however no clinical manifestation occurs. The dog has a normal life. Excellent results as in the case reported here have a slower rate than 10%