Pendekatan Experience Economy Pada Pemasaran Festival Pariwisata: Pengaruh Terhadap Kepribadian Festival Yang Dirasakan Pegunjung Dan Reputasi Festival

Tourism is one of the most essential sector for several countries because itaffects the economic growth. Festival, as a part of event tourism, can be used as touristattraction. To achieve success in festival, some conditions have to be fulfilled i.ememorable experience of festival, keen festival personality and its reputation. Pine andGilmore (1998) described four dementionals of experience economy which are;education, entertainment, escapism and esthetic. Using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) on Festival Makanan Kampoeng Tempo Doeloe (206 samples), this studyconducted to determine the effect of four experience dementions on festivalpersonality and the influence of festival personality towards reputation. The result areshowed that entertainment, education and esthetic have the significant positive effecton the festival personality. This study also reveals that festival personality have asignificant positive influence on reputation. This research can be useful forgovernment or tourism event organiser while organising festivals

Influence of atmospheric species on the electrical properties of functionalized graphene sheets

We report on the time-dependent influence of atmospheric species on the electrical properties of functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs). When exposed to laboratory air, FGSs exhibit a significant, irreversible decrease in electrical conductance with time, strongly depending on the oxygen content of the FGSs. To separate the roles of charge carrier density and mobility in this aging process, we performed electron transport measurements using a back-gate field-effect transistor architecture. Investigating the position of the Dirac point under different atmospheres, we found that adsorbed atmospheric species result in pronounced p-doping, which – on a short time scale – can be reversed under nitrogen atmosphere. However, on a time scale of several days, the resistance increases irreversibly, while the Dirac point voltage remains constant. From these experiments, we conclude that the aging of FGSs is related to the chemisorption of atmospheric species leading to enhanced carrier scattering due to an increasing amount of sp(3)- regions and thus to a reduced charge carrier mobility

Suppression of spatiotemporal chaos in the oscillatory CO oxidation on Pt(110) by focused laser light

Chemical turbulence in the oscillatory catalytic CO oxidation on Pt(110) is suppressed by means of focused laser light. The laser locally heats the platinum surface which leads to a local increase of the oscillation frequency, and to the formation of a pacemaker which emits target waves. These waves slowly entrain the medium and suppress the spatiotemporal chaos present in the absence of laser light. Our experimental results are confirmed by a detailed numerical analysis of one- and two-dimensional media using the Krischer-Eiswirth-Ertl model for CO oxidation on Pt110. Different control regimes are identified and the dispersion relation of the system is determined using the pacemaker as an externally tunable wave source

On the Optical Investigation of Pattern-Forming Catalytic Surface Reactions

In dieser Arbeit werden zwei verschiedene musterbildende katalytische Oberflächenreaktionen mit unterschiedlichen optischen Methoden untersucht: die CO-Oxidation auf Pt(110)-Einkristall-Oberflächen unter Vakuumbedingungen und die Grübchen-Korrosion auf rostfreiem Stahl in einer Elektrolytlösung. Die CO-Oxidation ist ein paradigmatisches Beispiel für musterbildende Nichtgleichgewichtssysteme. Da ihre Dynamik weitgehend verstanden ist, wird sie als Modellsystem zur Untersuchung der Musterbildung unter räumlicher und zeitlicher Beeinflussung herangezogen. Erst in dieser Arbeit ist jedoch der klare experimentelle Nachweis gelungen, dass sich auch die Grübchen-Korrosion in den Rahmen von autokatalytisch ablaufenden Prozessen und Phänomenen der Musterbildung in Reaktions-Diffusions-Systemen einordnen lässt. Zur Beobachtung der CO-Oxidation kommen ein neu konzipiertes Reflexions-Anisotropie-Mikroskop mit verbesserter lateraler Auflösung sowie abbildende Interferometrie zum Einsatz. Das erstgenannte Verfahren ermöglicht es erstmals, die Abbildung von Konzentrationsmustern auf photolithographisch mikrostrukturierten Kristalloberflächen mit der raum-zeitlichen Manipulation der Muster durch fokussiertes Laserlicht zu kombinieren. Dadurch können in dieser Arbeit neue Aspekte der Musterbildungsdynamik und insbesondere der Stabilität bestimmter Reaktionsmuster studiert werden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit numerischen Simulationen (Qiao Liang, Princeton, NJ.) verglichen. Das zweite Verfahren, die Interferometrie, dient zur Vermessung der Oberflächentopographie einer wenige 100 nm dicken Pt(110)-Folie. Die hier erhaltenen experimentellen Ergebnisse legen die Anwendung ultradünner Metallfolien für die Messung geringer Wärmemengen unter Nutzung ihrer mechanischen Eigenschaften nahe. Die Kopplung von Reaktionsdynamik und Temperatureffekten führt bei der CO-Oxidation auf einer ultradünnen Platin-Folie zur Entstehung von Mustern in der Probentopographie. Zur Beobachtung der Grübchen-Korrosion werden kontrastverstärkte klassische Mikroskopie und abbildende Ellipsometrie verwendet. Erstmals wird das Einsetzen der Korrosionsreaktion mit diesen Methoden in situ in einem elektrochemischen Experiment verfolgt. Die Nukleation und Aktivität einzelner Korrosionsgrübchen sowie die Schädigung des den Stahl an seiner Oberfläche vor Korrosion schützenden Passivfilms werden in hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung sichtbar. Ein Vergleich der experimentellen Resultate mit einem Ergebnis numerischer Simulationen (Levent Organ, Charlottesville, VA.) untermauert die These, dass es sich beim Einsetzen der Grübchen-Korrosion auf rostfreiem Stahl um einen autokatalytisch ablaufenden Prozess handelt.In this thesis, two different pattern-forming catalytic reactions are examined by means of a variety of optical methods: CO-oxidation on Pt(110) single crystal surfaces under vacuum conditions, and pitting corrosion on stainless steel in aqueous NaCl-solution. CO-oxidation is a paradigmatic example for pattern-forming non-equilibrium systems. The dynamics of the reaction are widely understood. Thus, CO-oxidation is utilized as a well-suited model system for the analysis of pattern formation under spatial and temporal manipulation. This work and additional theoretical studies put pitting corrosion into a conceptual framework of autocatalytic processes and non-equilibrium pattern formation phenomena in reaction-diffusion systems. CO-Oxidation on Pt(110) is observed by means of a newly designed reflection anisotropy microscope (RAM) with increased lateral resolution, and by imaging interferometry. The former method (RAM) makes it possible for the first time to combine imaging of pattern formation between inactive microstructures (boundaries), which are fabricated by micro-lithography, on a crystal surface with the spatio-temporal manipulation of patterns by focussed laser light. This possibility paves the way for studying new aspects of the dynamics of pattern formation, particularly in regard to stability of concentration patterns. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations (Qiao Liang, Princeton, NJ). The second experimental method (imaging interferometry) is used for mapping the topography of Pt(110) foils with a thickness of a few 100 nm. The findings suggest that, by using their mechanical properties, ultrathin metal foils may be utilized for the detection of small amounts of heat. The interplay between the dynamics of the catalytic reaction and thermal effects due to the release of reaction heat results in the emergence of spatio-temporal patterns in the topography of the platinum foil. Contrast-enhanced optical microscopy and imaging ellipsometry are employed to visualize pitting corrosion. Using these methods, the onset of pitting corrosion is followed for the first time in situ during an electrochemical experiment. The nucleation and activity of single corrosion pits and the damaging of the protective oxide layer on the surface of stainless steel are monitored with high spatial and temporal resolution. A comparison of the experimental results with numerical simulations (Levent Organ, Charlottesville, VA) substantiates the assumption that the onset of pitting corrosion can be regarded as an autocatalytic process

High Selectivity of Porous Graphene Electrodes Solely Due to Transport and Pore Depletion Effects

We contrast the performance of monolayer electrodes and thin porous film electrodes of highly reduced functionalized graphene to demonstrate that the introduction of electrode porosity gives rise to strong apparent electrocatalytic effects resulting in vastly improved electrode selectivity. This is despite graphene showing no intrinsic advantage over glassy carbon electrodes when used as a monolayer. The simultaneous electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid is used as an experimental model electrolyte system. Our results suggest that a large number of reports claiming the superior surface chemistry of carbon nanomaterials as the reason for outstanding electrochemical characteristics should be revisited considering electrode morphology as a significant contributor to the observed behavior. Our experimental results are supported by numerical simulations explaining the porosity-induced electrode selectivity by the dominance of pore depletion over diffusion-limited currents

On the Electrochemical Response of Porous Functionalized Graphene Electrodes

Electrodes used in electroanalysis, which are based on carbonaceous nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, often exhibit large degrees of porosity. By systematically varying the morphology of functionalized graphene electrodes from nearly flat to highly porous, we demonstrate experimentally that minute amounts of electrode porosity have surprisingly significant effects on the apparent reaction kinetics as determined by cyclic voltammetry, both in the reversible and the irreversible regime. We quantify electrode porosity using a coulometric approach and, with the help of numerical simulations, determine the correlation between electrode pore volume and apparent electrode kinetics. We show that in the reversible and quasi-reversible regime, the voltamperometric response constitutes a superposition of thin film diffusion-related effects within the porous electrode and of the standard flat electrode response. For irreversible kinetics, however, we show that diffusive coupling between the electrode and the electrolyte can, under suitably chosen conditions, result in effective electrocatalytic behavior. Confirming past theoretical work by Compton and others, our experiments demonstrate that for a comparison of electroanalytical data obtained with different electrode materials it is not sufficient to only consider differences in the materials’ chemical structure but equally important to take into account differences in electrode morphology

Directed Motion of Colloidal Particles in a Galvanic Microreactor

The mechanisms leading to the deposition of colloidal particles in a copper−gold galvanic microreactor are investigated. Using in situ current density measurements and particle velocimetry, we establish correlations between the spatial arrangement and the geometry of the electrodes, current density distribution, and particle aggregation behavior. Ionic transport phenomena are responsible for the occurrence of strongly localized high current density at the edges and corners of the copper electrodes at large electrode separation, leading to a preferential aggregation of colloidal particles at the electrode edges. Preferential aggregation appears to be the result of a combination of electrophoretic effects and changes in bulk electrolyte flow patterns. We demonstrate that electrolyte flow is most likely driven by electrochemical potential gradients of reaction products formed during the inhomogeneous copper dissolution

Potential distribution in functionalized graphene devices probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy

Kelvin probe force microscopy was used to study the impact of contacts and topography on the local potential distribution on contacted, individual functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate. Negligible contact resistance is found at the graphene/Ti interface and a graphene resistance of 2.3 kΩ is extracted for a single sheet with sub-µm size. Pronounced steps in the topography, which we attribute to a variation of the spacing between graphene and substrate, result in a significant change of the local resistivity