Living terraces: from reuse in traditional architecture to César Manrique and Souto de Moura’s work with time

En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, el especial interés que demostraron arquitectos como César Manrique y Eduardo Souto de Moura por el paisaje de terrazas agrícolas, utilizándolas como argumento para la integración de sus obras en el medio, permitió recuperar ciertas estrategias de transferencia entre agricultura y arquitectura propias de la arquitectura tradicional. El hábitat troglodita en la ciudad excavada de Matera, la continuidad de los bancales pétreos incas de Machu Picchu o la evolución de la terraza irrigada del Generalife constituyen claros ejemplos de la lógica de un proceso de transformación que no distingue entre disciplinas. La consideración de estos elementos del patrimonio mundial, puestos en relación con ciertas obras emblemáticas de la arquitectura contemporánea, permite apreciar la reciente incorporación de estrategias de intervención que amplían significativamente la posibilidad de transformación sensible del medio agrícola para el espacio habitable. A través del uso de nuevos materiales, resulta viable la conversión de las terrazas agrícolas en paisajes donde la arquitectura, el territorio, la ruina y el cultivo se confunden. La consideración del bancal en la memoria del territorio y en el trabajo con el tiempo, por otra parte, sugiere la necesidad de renovar un patrimonio vivo, a menudo carente de toda protección, que podría conformar, en diálogo con la arquitectura actual, un nuevo legado para el futuro.In the last decades of the 20th century, the special interest shown by architects such as César Manrique and Eduardo Souto de Moura in terraced agricultural landscapes, using them as an argument for the integration of their works in the environment, made it possible to revive certain transference strategies between agriculture and architecture commonly found in traditional architecture. The troglodyte habitat in the excavated city of Matera, the continuity of the Inca stone terraces of Machu Picchu or the evolution of the irrigated terrace of the Generalife are clear examples of the logic of a transformation process that does not distinguish between disciplines. The consideration of these elements of World Heritage, placed in relation to certain emblematic works of contemporary architecture, allows us to appreciate the recent incorporation of intervention strategies that significantly extend the possibility of sensitive transformation of the agricultural environment into living space. The use of new materials enables the conversion of agricultural terraces into landscapes where architecture, territory, ruins and cultivation come together. Considering the terraces as part of the memory of the territory and in work about time, on the other hand, suggests the need to renew a living heritage, often lacking any protection, which could form, in dialogue with current architecture, a new legacy for the future

Infrastructure and memory: from Geddes’ agricultural terraces to Beigel’s overlapping landscapes

Estudios como los desarrollados en la ciudad de Edimburgo por parte de Patrick Geddes permiten apreciar la especial sensibilidad de ciertos urbanistas de comienzos del siglo XX hacia la reutilización y el reciclaje de las huellas físicas y psicológicas de las infraestructuras agrícolas, superando aquellas visiones limitadas que establecían fronteras conceptuales demasiado rígidas entre el campo y la ciudad. Se trata de una perspectiva que trasciende a la clasificación de los paisajes y hunde sus raíces en un concepto amplio de patrimonio y territorio. La posibilidad de intuir la formas y las actividades futuras a partir de las preexistencias y sus infraestructuras anticipa algunas de las cuestiones que ciertos arquitectos y paisajistas desarrollaron a partir de la década de 1960. Alejados de los principios meramente figurativos, las continuidades inducidas en sus proyectos permiten explorar tanto los restos materiales encontrados como sus huellas y relaciones, en una constante búsqueda de procesos y argumentos capaces de vincular el pasado agrícola y sus infraestructuras con el futuro de unas ciudades que no dejan de extenderse sobre el territorio.Studies such as those undertaken in the city of Edinburgh by Patrick Geddes can help us to appreciate the particular sensitivity of certain town planners of the early twentieth century to the reuse and recycling of physical and psychological traces of agricultural infrastructure, overcoming the limited visions that established rigid conceptual boundaries between town and country. It is a perspective that transcends the classification of landscapes and is rooted in a broad concept of heritage and territory. The ability to infer future forms and activities from pre-existing infrastructures anticipates some of the issues that some architects and landscapers developed from the 1960s. Far from being purely figurative principles, the different forms of continuity elicited in their projects allow us to explore both the found material remains and their effects and relationships, in a constant search for processes and arguments able to link the agricultural past and its infrastructures with the future of cities that continue to expand over the territory

Premio tesis X BIAU "El Patrimonio Fértil. Transferencias entre el paisaje agrario y la arquitectura en los crecimientos urbanos"

La comunicación se refiere al contenido de la investigación desarrollada en la tesisCon motivo de la celebración de la X Bienal Iberoamericana de Arquitectura y Urbanismo en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, y tras la obtención del Premio Tesis Doctoral por parte del autor, se realiza una breve exposición del trabajo de investigación desarrollado en las distintas partes de la tesis, estableciendo una relación directa con el tema del congreso: Desplazamientos = Deslocaçoes. El problema principal que se aborda es el crecimiento urbano sobre el paisaje agrario en multitud de ciudades de todo el mundo y la necesidad de ampliar la noción de patrimonio sobre estos territorios sometidos a procesos sistemáticos de sustitución. Como estrategia, se propone una mirada amplia y abierta por parte de la arquitectura sobre el suelo fértil capaz de establecer un diálogo productivo con el territorio desde la asimilación de las multiples capas históricas del legado cultural (tecnológico y artistico) que pueden ser descubiertas.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Proximate control and adaptive potential of protandrous migration in birds

Migration determines where, when, and in which order males and females converge for reproduction. Protandry, the earlier arrival of males relative to females at the site of reproduction, is a widespread phenomenon found in many migratory organisms. Detailed knowledge of the determinants of protandry is becoming increasingly important for predicting how migratory species and populations will respond to rapid phenological shifts caused by climatic change. Here, we review and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying protandrous migration in birds, focusing on evidence from passerine species. Latitudinal segregation during the non-breeding period and differences in the initiation of spring migration are probably the key determinants of protandrous arrival at the breeding sites, while sexual differences in speed of migration appear to play a minor role. Experimental evidence suggests that differences between the sexes in the onset of spring migratory activity are caused by differences in circannual rhythmicity or by photoperiodic responsiveness. Both of these mechanisms are hardwired and could prevent individuals from responding plastically to chronic changes in temperature at the breeding grounds. As a consequence, adaptive changes in both the timing of arrival in spring and of reproduction will require evolutionary (genetic) changes of the cue-response systems underlying the initiation and extent of migration in both males and female

New Techniques and Algorithms for Multiobjective and Lexicographic Goal-Based Shortest Path Problems

Shortest Path Problems (SPP) are one of the most extensively studied problems in the fields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Operations Research (OR). It consists in finding the shortest path between two given nodes in a graph such that the sum of the weights of its constituent arcs is minimized. However, real life problems frequently involve the consideration of multiple, and often conflicting, criteria. When multiple objectives must be simultaneously optimized, the concept of a single optimal solution is no longer valid. Instead, a set of efficient or Pareto-optimal solutions define the optimal trade-off between the objectives under consideration. The Multicriteria Search Problem (MSP), or Multiobjective Shortest Path Problem, is the natural extension to the SPP when more than one criterion are considered. The MSP is computationally harder than the single objective one. The number of label expansions can grow exponentially with solution depth, even for the two objective case. However, with the assumption of bounded integer costs and a fixed number of objectives the problem becomes tractable for polynomially sized graphs. A wide variety of practical application in different fields can be identified for the MSP, like robot path planning, hazardous material transportation, route planning, optimization of public transportation, QoS in networks, or routing in multimedia networks. Goal programming is one of the most successful Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques used in Multicriteria Optimization. In this thesis we explore one of its variants in the MSP. Thus, we aim to solve the Multicriteria Search Problem with lexicographic goal-based preferences. To do so, we build on previous work on algorithm NAMOA*, a successful extension of the A* algorithm to the multiobjective case. More precisely, we provide a new algorithm called LEXGO*, an exact label-setting algorithm that returns the subset of Pareto-optimal paths that satisfy a set of lexicographic goals, or the subset that minimizes deviation from goals if these cannot be fully satisfied. Moreover, LEXGO* is proved to be admissible and expands only a subset of the labels expanded by an optimal algorithm like NAMOA*, which performs a full Multiobjective Search. Since time rather than memory is the limiting factor in the performance of multicriteria search algorithms, we also propose a new technique called t-discarding to speed up dominance checks in the process of discarding new alternatives during the search. The application of t-discarding to the algorithms studied previously, NAMOA* and LEXGO*, leads to the introduction of two new time-efficient algorithms named NAMOA*dr and LEXGO*dr , respectively. All the algorithmic alternatives are tested in two scenarios, random grids and realistic road maps problems. The experimental evaluation shows the effectiveness of LEXGO* in both benchmarks, as well as the dramatic reductions of time requirements experienced by the t-discarding versions of the algorithms, with respect to the ones with traditional pruning

Tolerance to mutations in the foot-and-mouth disease virus integrin-binding RGD region is different in cultured cells and in vivo and depends on the capsid sequence context.

Engineered RNAs carrying substitutions in the integrin receptor-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were constructed (aa 141-147 of VP1 capsid protein) and their infectivity was assayed in cultured cells and suckling mice. The effect of these changes was studied in the capsid proteins of two FMDVs, C-S8c1, which enters cells through integrins, and 213hs(-), a derivative highly adapted to cell culture whose ability to infect cells using the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) as receptor, acquired by multiple passage on BHK-21 cells, has been abolished. The capsid sequence context determined infectivity in cultured cells and directed the selection of additional replacements in structural proteins. Interestingly, a viral population derived from a C-S8c1/L144A mutant, carrying only three substitutions in the capsid, was able to expand tropism to wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt)glycosaminoglycan-deficient CHO cells. In contrast, the 213hs(-) capsid tolerated all substitutions analysed with no additional mutations, and the viruses recovered maintained the ability of the 213hs(-) parental virus to infect wt and mt CHO cells. Viruses derived from C-S8c1 with atypical RGD regions were virulent and transmissible for mice with no other changes in the capsid. Substitution of Asp143 for Ala in the C-S8c1 capsid eliminated infectivity in cultured cells and mice. Co-inoculation with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the type C FMDV RGD region abolished infectivity of C-S8c1 virus on suckling mice, suggesting that FMDV can infect mice using integrins. Sequence requirements imposed for viral entry in vitro and in vivo are discussed

El valor del suelo habitacional y la intervención de agentes externos Valle de Bravo, Estado de México

Como parte fundamental de los estudios de planeación se encuentra el territorio, el suelo como componente esencial de la estructura urbana y sustento de las diferentes actividades realizadas por el hombre, cobra singular importancia al momento que el valor, el uso y los agentes que en ellos interviene se vuelven factores que impulsan o retraen el desarrollo de un lugar, trayendo como consecuencia segregaciones sociales. De ahí que en este trabajo se da a conocer, a partir del caso de Valle de Bravo, la infl uencia que ejercen los agentes externos en los cambios del valor de suelo habitacional, tomando como punto de partida la evolución del patrón de ocupación del suelo y las actividades económicas

Gender differences over initial a validation of a test under construction to asses Emotional Intelligence at a sample of students from Secondary Education

El objetivo fue elaborar un cuestionario para evaluar la Inteligencia Emocional (IE) destinado a una muestra juvenil. Se contó con una muestra de 557 participantes. Como instrumentos de evaluación se emplearon un test elaborado para la evaluación de la IE, junto con una adaptación propia de la EHS (Gismero, 2000). Los resultados obtenidos reflejan niveles de fiabilidad aceptables. Las dimensiones esperadas fueron diferentes para ambos géneros, apareciendo intercorrelaciones positivas entre los totales y las dimensiones que lo conforman. Este cuestionario se muestra como instrumento adecuado para evaluar estas capacidades en la población juvenil, siendo más indicado aplicar el análisis a ambos géneros por separadoThe objective of this paper is to develop a questionnaire to assess Emotional Intelligence (EI), aimed at a sample of students from Secondary Education..We focused on 557.The techniques used in this survey are a test developed to assess EI in teenagers and a similar adaptation of EHS (Gismero, 2000). The results show high levels of reliability for both genders. The dimensions are different (4 girls and 5 boys) for both genders. There are positive correlations between totals and the dimensions that make them. We found significant correlations between the two scales. Therefore this questionnaire is an appropriate tool to evaluate these capabilities after making some modifications in future works. It is more appropriate to apply the analysis separatel

Influence of fear in academic achievement of the teenager: the pluricultural context of Ceuta

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer los tipos y relaciones del Miedo y el Rendimiento Académico (RA) en alumnado, de 12 a 18 años, en la ciudad de Ceuta. Se contó con 557 participantes, que reflejan las características de un contexto pluricultural. El 54.2% fueron chicas, el 45.8% varones, el 64.5% musulmanes, el 35.5% cristianos. Como instrumentos de evaluación se han empleado la adaptación de Ascensio, Vila, Robles-García, Páez, Fresán y Vázquez (2012) del Inventario de Miedo para Niños (FSSC-II) y las calificaciones de los alumnos. Se reflejan niveles medio-bajos de miedo y medios en RA, influyendo en ellos las sociodemográficas de edad y cultura/religión. El género sólo influye en el Miedo y el estatus en el RA. Se obtuvo relación estadísticamente significativa entre Miedo y RA.We want to reflect the types of Fear and Academic Achievement (AA), and the influence over each other, of teenagers from 12 to 18 in Ceuta. We focused on 557 participants that reflect multicultural features; 45.8% are boys, 54.2% girls; 64.5% are Muslims and 35.5% Christians. The techniques used in this survey are FSSC-II (Ascensio et al., 2012), as well as the children's grades. The results show mid-low levels on Fear and medium in Achievement. They are influenced in a very different way by the sociodemographic factors of age and customs/religion. The gender factor only affects the fear variable and socioeconomic and cultural on Achievement. We have also found a statistically significant relationship between Fear and Academic Achievement

Relaciones entre rendimiento e inteligencia emocional en secundaria

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los tipos y niveles de Rendimiento Académico e Inteligencia Emocional, en función de la edad, género, cultura y estrato socioeconómico, así como contemplar las relaciones entre ambas variables. Para ello, se ha contado con 811 participantes. Considerando la cultura, el grupo mayoritario es el de religión musulmana (71.6%), siendo el 46.1% varones y el resto de la muestra (53.9%) mujeres. Como instrumentos de evaluación se han empleado un cuestionario elaborado para evaluar la E y las calificaciones de los alumnos. En IE aparecen niveles medio-altos, influyendo la edad, el género, la cultura/religión y el estatus. Aparecen niveles medios en RA, influyendo edad, cultura y estatus. Se halló relación entre RA e IE, siendo directamente proporcionalesThis work has as main objective which in to analyze the types and levels of Academic Achievement and Emotional Intelligence, according to age, gender, religion and socioeconomic and cultural factor, as well as the links between both variables. To make that possible we focused on 811 participants; 71.6% of the total were Muslims and 28.4% Roman Catholic, 46.1% were male and 53.9% female. The techniques used in this survey were an EI questionnaire, as well as the students' grades. The results show medium-high levels of EI. This is influenced by age, gender, culture and socioeconomic and cultural factor. We found medium levels of AA. This is influenced by age, culture and socioeconomic and cultural factor. There is a statistically significant relationship between AA and EI. This relationship is directly proportiona