5-oxoETE triggers nociception in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome through MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor D.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is characterized by chronic abdominal pain concurrent with altered bowel habit. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites are increased in abundance in IBS and are implicated in the alteration of sensation to mechanical stimuli, which is defined as visceral hypersensitivity. We sought to quantify PUFA metabolites in patients with IBS and evaluate their role in pain. Quantification of PUFA metabolites by mass spectrometry in colonic biopsies showed an increased abundance of 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxoETE) only in biopsies taken from patients with IBS with predominant constipation (IBS-C). Local administration of 5-oxoETE to mice induced somatic and visceral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli without causing tissue inflammation. We found that 5-oxoETE directly acted on both human and mouse sensory neurons as shown by lumbar splanchnic nerve recordings and Ca2+ imaging of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We showed that 5-oxoETE selectively stimulated nonpeptidergic, isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive DRG neurons through a phospholipase C (PLC)- and pertussis toxin-dependent mechanism, suggesting that the effect was mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The MAS-related GPCR D (Mrgprd) was found in mouse colonic DRG afferents and was identified as being implicated in the noxious effects of 5-oxoETE. Together, these data suggest that 5-oxoETE, a potential biomarker of IBS-C, induces somatic and visceral hyperalgesia without inflammation in an Mrgprd-dependent manner. Thus, 5-oxoETE may play a pivotal role in the abdominal pain associated with IBS-C.BBSRC BB/R006210/1 to James R F Hockley and Ewan St John Smith Rosetrees 834 Postdoctoral Grant (A1296) awarded to James R F Hockley and Ewan St John Smit

Caracterisation of lipid molecules produced by probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 : role in intestinal homeostasis

De nombreuses études portant sur le microbiote intestinal ont mis en évidence son importance dans la physiologie et la physiopathologie de l’hôte. Les bactéries, acteurs majeurs du microbiote, participent au maintien de l’homéostasie intestinale en régulant plusieurs fonctions essentielles allant de la protection de la barrière intestinale au développement du système immunitaire. Des altérations de la composition et de la diversité de ce microbiote ont été observées dans des pathologies du tractus digestif comme le syndrome de l’intestin irritable et les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin. Afin de restaurer l’homéostasie intestinale, des thérapies utilisant des bactéries probiotiques ont été utilisées. Parmi les bactéries probiotiques testées, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) a été décrite comme exerçant des fonctions anti-diarrhéiques, analgésiques et anti-inflammatoires. Néanmoins les mécanismes d’actions impliqués dans ces activités demeurent inconnus. Afin de les mettre en évidence, nous avons utilisé deux approches en spectrométrie de masse pour analyser les lipides bactériens. Une première approche sans apriori, nous a permis de mettre en évidence la production de lipopeptides dont le C12AsnGABAOH constitué d’un acide gras de 12 carbones, d’une asparagine et du GABA, le neurotransmetteur inhibiteur majoritaire du système nerveux. Ce lipopeptide était produit par des enzymes codées par des gènes faisant partis d’un cluster : l’îlot pks. A l’inverse du GABA seul, le C12AsnGABAOH traversait la barrière épithéliale intestinale (BEI) in vitro et in vivo. L’ajout de l’aminolipide par la bactérie confère donc au GABA la capacité d’atteindre les terminaisons nerveuses sensitives. Ce lipopeptide diminuait l’activation neuronale induite par l‘activation de nocicepteurs dans des cultures de neurones sensitifs via le récepteur GABAB. In vivo, il inhibait l’hypersensibilité viscérale induite par l’activation de nocicepteurs chez la souris. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons réalisé une étude en spectrométrie de masse avec apriori en recherchant les acides gras à longue chaine (AGLC) hydroxylés dans différentes souches d’E. coli. Le C18-3OH un AGLC de 18 carbones possédant une hydroxylation en position 3 était produit en plus grande quantité par les bactéries E. coli Nissle 1917 indépendament de l’ilôt pks. Le C18-3OH n’était pas capable de traverser la BEI et s’accumulait dans les cellules in vitro, dans les tissus ex vivo, et dans le colon in vivo. Dans les tissus, le C18-3OH modulait l’expression de gènes qui était sous la dépendance du récepteur PPAR-γ. Enfin nous avons mis en évidence dans un modèle de colite induite par le DSS que le C18-3OH réduisait la perméabilité paracellulaire et les paramètres inflammatoires chez la souris. Ces travaux de thèse nous ont permis de démontrer pour la première fois que les bactéries E. coli Nissle 1917 pouvaient communiquer avec les cellules de l’hôte en sécrétant des lipopeptides et des AGLC. Deux d’entre eux le C12AsnGABAOH et le C18-3OH étaient des molécules bioactives. Le C12AsnGABAOH inhibait l’hypersensibilité viscérale et le C18-3OH réduisait le statut inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales intestinales. Ces composés lipidiques pourraient être impliqués dans les effets probiotiques exercés par E. coli Nissle 1917 et représenter des agents thérapeutiques dans le traitement de la douleur viscérale et de l’inflammation intestinaleNumerous studies have highlighted the importance of intestinal microbiota in the physiology and physiopathology of the host. Bacteria, the most represented microorganisms of the microbiota, contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by regulating several essential functions ranging from the protection of the intestinal barrier to the development of the immune system. Impairment in the composition and diversity of this microbiota have been observed in pathologies of digestive tract such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In order to restore intestinal homeostasis, therapies using probiotic bacteria were used. Among probiotic bacteria tested, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) has been used for its anti-diarrheal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of action involved in these therapeutic effects remain unknown. In order to study them, we used two approaches in mass spectrometry to analyse bacterial lipids. A first untargeted approach, allowed us to highlight the production of lipopeptides including C12AsnGABAOH composed by a fatty acid of 12 carbons, an asparagine and GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system. This lipopeptide was produced by enzymes encoded by genes of a cluster call the pks island. In contrast to GABA alone, C12AsnGABAOH crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in vitro and in vivo. The addition of the aminolipid by the bacteria confer to the GABA the ability to reach sensory nerve endings. This lipopeptide decreased neuronal activation induced by activation of nociceptors in sensory neuron primary cultures via the GABAB receptor. In vivo, it inhibited visceral hypersensitivity induced by activation of nociceptors in mice. In a second study, we carried out a mass spectrometry targeted approaches looking for hydroxylated long chain fatty acids (LCFA) in different strains of E. coli. C18-3OH a LCFA of 18 carbons with a hydroxylation on its third position was produced in higher amounts by E. coli Nissle 1917 independently of the pks island. The C18-3OH was not able to cross the IEB and accumulated in cells in vitro, in tissues ex vivo and in colon in vivo. In tissues, C18-3OH modulated the expression of genes regulated by PPAR-γ receptor. Finally, in a DSS-induced colitis in mice, C18-3OH decreased paracellular permeability and inflammatory parameters. These thesis works allowed us to demonstrate for the first time that E. coli Nissle 1917 could signal to host cells by secreting lipopeptides and LCFAs. Two of them C12AsnGABAOH and C18-3OH were bioactive molecules. C12AsnGABAOH inhibited visceral hypersensitivity and C18-3OH reduced the inflammatory status of intestinal epithelial cells. These lipid compounds could be involved in the probiotic effects exerted by E. coli Nissle 1917 and represent therapeutic agents in the treatment of visceral pain and intestinal inflammation

Caractérisation de molécules lipidiques produites par les bactéries probiotiques Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 : rôle dans l'homéostasie intestinale

De nombreuses études portant sur le microbiote intestinal ont mis en évidence son importance dans la physiologie et la physiopathologie de l'hôte. Les bactéries, acteurs majeurs du microbiote, participent au maintien de l'homéostasie intestinale en régulant plusieurs fonctions essentielles allant de la protection de la barrière intestinale au développement du système immunitaire. Des altérations de la composition et de la diversité de ce microbiote ont été observées dans des pathologies du tractus digestif comme le syndrome de l'intestin irritable et les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin. Afin de restaurer l'homéostasie intestinale, des thérapies utilisant des bactéries probiotiques ont été utilisées. Parmi les bactéries probiotiques testées, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) a été décrite comme exerçant des fonctions anti-diarrhéiques, analgésiques et anti-inflammatoires. Néanmoins les mécanismes d'actions impliqués dans ces activités demeurent inconnus. Afin de les mettre en évidence, nous avons utilisé deux approches en spectrométrie de masse pour analyser les lipides bactériens. Une première approche sans apriori, nous a permis de mettre en évidence la production de lipopeptides dont le C12AsnGABAOH constitué d'un acide gras de 12 carbones, d'une asparagine et du GABA, le neurotransmetteur inhibiteur majoritaire du système nerveux. Ce lipopeptide était produit par des enzymes codées par des gènes faisant partis d'un cluster : l'îlot pks. A l'inverse du GABA seul, le C12AsnGABAOH traversait la barrière épithéliale intestinale (BEI) in vitro et in vivo. L'ajout de l'aminolipide par la bactérie confère donc au GABA la capacité d'atteindre les terminaisons nerveuses sensitives. Ce lipopeptide diminuait l'activation neuronale induite par l'activation de nocicepteurs dans des cultures de neurones sensitifs via le récepteur GABAB. In vivo, il inhibait l'hypersensibilité viscérale induite par l'activation de nocicepteurs chez la souris. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons réalisé une étude en spectrométrie de masse avec apriori en recherchant les acides gras à longue chaine (AGLC) hydroxylés dans différentes souches d'E. coli. Le C18-3OH un AGLC de 18 carbones possédant une hydroxylation en position 3 était produit en plus grande quantité par les bactéries E. coli Nissle 1917 indépendament de l'ilôt pks. Le C18-3OH n'était pas capable de traverser la BEI et s'accumulait dans les cellules in vitro, dans les tissus ex vivo, et dans le colon in vivo. Dans les tissus, le C18-3OH modulait l'expression de gènes qui était sous la dépendance du récepteur PPAR-gamma. Enfin nous avons mis en évidence dans un modèle de colite induite par le DSS que le C18-3OH réduisait la perméabilité paracellulaire et les paramètres inflammatoires chez la souris. Ces travaux de thèse nous ont permis de démontrer pour la première fois que les bactéries E. coli Nissle 1917 pouvaient communiquer avec les cellules de l'hôte en sécrétant des lipopeptides et des AGLC. Deux d'entre eux le C12AsnGABAOH et le C18-3OH étaient des molécules bioactives. Le C12AsnGABAOH inhibait l'hypersensibilité viscérale et le C18-3OH réduisait le statut inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales intestinales. Ces composés lipidiques pourraient être impliqués dans les effets probiotiques exercés par E. coli Nissle 1917 et représenter des agents thérapeutiques dans le traitement de la douleur viscérale et de l'inflammation intestinale.Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of intestinal microbiota in the physiology and physiopathology of the host. Bacteria, the most represented microorganisms of the microbiota, contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by regulating several essential functions ranging from the protection of the intestinal barrier to the development of the immune system. Impairment in the composition and diversity of this microbiota have been observed in pathologies of digestive tract such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In order to restore intestinal homeostasis, therapies using probiotic bacteria were used. Among probiotic bacteria tested, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) has been used for its anti-diarrheal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of action involved in these therapeutic effects remain unknown. In order to study them, we used two approaches in mass spectrometry to analyse bacterial lipids. A first untargeted approach, allowed us to highlight the production of lipopeptides including C12AsnGABAOH composed by a fatty acid of 12 carbons, an asparagine and GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system. This lipopeptide was produced by enzymes encoded by genes of a cluster call the pks island. In contrast to GABA alone, C12AsnGABAOH crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in vitro and in vivo. The addition of the aminolipid by the bacteria confer to the GABA the ability to reach sensory nerve endings. This lipopeptide decreased neuronal activation induced by activation of nociceptors in sensory neuron primary cultures via the GABAB receptor. In vivo, it inhibited visceral hypersensitivity induced by activation of nociceptors in mice. In a second study, we carried out a mass spectrometry targeted approaches looking for hydroxylated long chain fatty acids (LCFA) in different strains of E. coli. C18-3OH a LCFA of 18 carbons with a hydroxylation on its third position was produced in higher amounts by E. coli Nissle 1917 independently of the pks island. The C18-3OH was not able to cross the IEB and accumulated in cells in vitro, in tissues ex vivo and in colon in vivo. In tissues, C18-3OH modulated the expression of genes regulated by PPAR-gamma receptor. Finally, in a DSS-induced colitis in mice, C18-3OH decreased paracellular permeability and inflammatory parameters. These thesis works allowed us to demonstrate for the first time that E. coli Nissle 1917 could signal to host cells by secreting lipopeptides and LCFAs. Two of them C12AsnGABAOH and C18-3OH were bioactive molecules. C12AsnGABAOH inhibited visceral hypersensitivity and C18-3OH reduced the inflammatory status of intestinal epithelial cells. These lipid compounds could be involved in the probiotic effects exerted by E. coli Nissle 1917 and represent therapeutic agents in the treatment of visceral pain and intestinal inflammation

L' architecture palpébrale (septum ou septa ?)

Les paupières sont un des carrefours de la face et les blépharoplastie restent une intervention délicate aux résultats variables. L'anatomie des paupières et de la péri-orbite est subtile puisque soumise à une ambivalence stabilité-mobilité. Pour assurer cette double fonction, les septa, ligaments et aponévroses palpébraux ont un rôle primordial évoqué dans les traités d'anatomie classique. Nous avons précisé, grâce à des travaux de dissection et d'imagerie par IRM ainsi qu'une revue de la littérature, leur anatomie. Toutes les structures importantes ont été mises en évidence, notamment les ligaments palpébraux, l'aponévrose du releveur de la paupière supérieure, le septum orbitaire, les ligaments de Whitnall et de Lockwood, le fascia capsulo-palpébral ou encore les muscles rétracteurs de la paupière inférieure. Plus que de septum orbitaire, nous pouvons parler de septa orbitaires du fait de l'aspect pluristratifié du septum lui-même et de son association au fascia rétroorbiculaire, au septum malaire, au périoste, au ligament palpébral externe. Nous avons pu préciser la mobilité du septum orbitaire dans les différentes directions du regard. Enfin, notre revue de la littérature et de l'expérience du service a montré l'utilité des septa palpébraux lors des chirurgies de ptôsis, d'ectropion, d'entropion, de paupières orientales et de rajeunissement palpébral et péri-orbitaire.NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Forecasting the Effect of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) on HIV Propagation with a System of Differential–Difference Equations with Delay

International audienceThe HIV/AIDS epidemic is still active worldwide with no existing definitive cure. Based on the WHO recommendations stated in 2014, a treatment, called Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), has been used in the world, and more particularly in France since 2016, to prevent HIV infections. In this paper, we propose a new compartmental epidemiological model with a limited protection time offered by this new treatment. We describe the PrEP compartment with an age-structure hyperbolic equation and introduce a differential equation on the parameter that governs the PrEP starting process. This leads us to a nonlinear differential–difference system with discrete delay. After a local stability analysis, we prove the global behavior of the system. Finally, we illustrate the solutions with numerical simulations based on the data of the French Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) population. We show that the choice of a logistic time dynamics combined with our Hill-function-like model leads to a perfect data fit. These results enable us to forecast the evolution of the HIV epidemics in France if the populations keep using PrEP

Stochastic model of nucleationBecker-Döring Model

International audienc

Gut microbiota modulates visceral sensitivity through calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production

ABSTRACTAbdominal pain is common in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, but its pathophysiology is unclear, in part due to poor understanding of basic mechanisms underlying visceral sensitivity. Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota is an important determinant of visceral sensitivity. Clinical and basic research studies also show that sex plays a role in pain perception, although the precise pathways are not elucidated. We investigated pain responses in germ-free and conventionally raised mice of both sexes, and assessed visceral sensitivity to colorectal distension, neuronal excitability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and the production of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in response to capsaicin or a mixture of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Germ-free mice displayed greater in vivo responses to colonic distention than conventional mice, with no differences between males and females. Pretreatment with intracolonic capsaicin or GPCR agonists increased responses in conventional, but not in germ-free mice. In DRG neurons, gut microbiota and sex had no effect on neuronal activation by capsaicin or GPCR agonists. While stimulated production of substance P by DRG neurons was similar in germ-free and conventional mice, with no additional effect of sex, the CGRP production was higher in germ-free mice, mainly in females. Absence of gut microbiota increases visceral sensitivity to colorectal distention in both male and female mice. This is, at least in part, due to increased production of CGRP by DRG neurons, which is mainly evident in female mice. However, central mechanisms are also likely involved in this process

Incidence of occult contralateral carcinomas of the breast following mastoplasty aimed at symmetrization.

International audienceINTRODUCTION: Breast carcinomas are the most frequent form of cancer in French women. Following a total mastectomy, only an estimated 25% of patients wish to undergo breast reconstruction. After mammary volume reconstitution, the plastic surgeon often attempts to harmonize the two breasts by carrying out contralateral reduction mammaplasty (CRM). In the literature, the incidence of occult contralateral carcinomas incidentally discovered in surgical specimens ranges from 1.12 to 4.5%. The main objective of this study was to evaluate occurrence of carcinoma in the CRM specimens in the framework of a breast reconstruction operation. The secondary objective was to determine the consequences of the incidentally discovered carcinoma in the contralateral breast. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a 6-year, bicentric, retrospective study involving women having undergone breast cancer surgery who later underwent contralateral reduction mammaplasty (CRM), that is to say reconstruction aimed at harmonization of the two breasts. RESULTS: Three hundred and nineteen patients were included in the study. Mean age during the CRM was 55years (29-79). Mean weight of the surgical specimens was 323grams (12-2500). Incidence of occult carcinomas found in the specimens was 0.94% (3 patients). The mean age for these 3 cases was 58years (47-64). All 3 patients had superior pedicle mammaplasty. One of the patients benefited from monobloc resection with orientation of the surgical specimen. In the other 2 cases, there existed 3 surgical resection specimens; in one case, they were oriented; in the other, they were not. In all 3 cases, the histological findings were unifocal ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS). Mean tumor size was 5.7mm (3-9). Only the patient having had monobloc resection with orientation of the specimen underwent salvage surgery, which consisted in partial mastectomy, otherwise known as secondary lumpectomy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered to all of the patients. After 17months of mean follow-up (12-22), no recurrence was found in any of the three cases. CONCLUSION: Incidence of occult contralateral breast carcinomas after symmetrization CRM approximates 1%. Our observations are in agreement with the data in the literature. Incidence is greater than in mammaplasty carried out for esthetic or functional reasons; this is probably due to the higher age and the previous breast cancer history of the breast reconstruction population. Monobloc resection and orientation of the surgical specimens with surgeon's knots facilitate precise pinpointing of the occult carcinoma. A secondary lumpectomy may take place when margins of excision are invaded or inadequate

Biomimétique, l’imitation sans limitation @ INSA-Lyon: Rapport résumé d'exposition

Prerequisite: Successful competion of ESL 849