Modélisation d'une laminopathie à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes (étude phénotypique, génétique et recherche de cibles thérapeutiques)

Les laminopathies regroupent des maladies rare dues à des mutations sur le gène Lmna, codant pour les lamines nucléaires A et C. Parmi des centaines de mutations identifiées jusqu alors, la mutation Lmna+/H222P est responsable de la Dystrophie Musculaire d Emery Dreifuss Autosomale Dominante (DMED-AD). Les patients atteints par DMED-AD souffrent d une dystrophie et d une cardiomyopathie. J ai étudié tout particulièrement l effet et la fonction de la mutation Lmna+/H222P au niveau du développement cardiaque en utilisant des cellules souches embryonnaires murines (CSEm) ainsi que des cellules humaines induites à la pluripotence (hiPS) sauvages et porteuses de la mutation Lmna+/H222P. Un défaut dans la cardiogenèse est retrouvé dans les corps embryoïdes (CE) dérivés des CSEm et dans les hiPS dont la différenciation est induite par le BMP2. En effet, dans les cellules différenciées porteuses de la mutation Lmna+/H222P, on observe une expression des gènes mésodermiques et cardiaques (ex : brachyury, MesP1, Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Isl1 ) déficiente. Néanmoins, la formation du mésendoderme ne semble pas affectée dans ces cellules. De plus, des défauts de contraction dûs à une désorganisation de la structure sarcomérique est retrouvée dans les Ces dérivés des CSEm Lmna+/H222P. Mes travaux de thèse ont donc permis de mettre en place un modèle murin et humain de cellules souches pluripotentes pour laminopathies. Ces cellules pourront plus tard être utilisées afin de tester des médicaments permettant de trouver des traitements pour les personnes atteintes de la DMED-AD.Laminopathies are rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in Lmna which encodes nuclear lamins A/C. Among hundreds of mutations identified so far, Lmna+/H222P leads to an Autosomal Dominant Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (AD-EDMD). AD-EDMD patients suffer of both muscle dystrophy and cardiomyopathy. Herein, we investigated the effects of Lmna+/H222P in cardiac development and function using wild type and mutated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS). Lmna+/H222P impairs cardiogenesis of both mESC and hiPSC. Expression of mesodermal and cardiac genes (i.e., brachyury, MesP1, Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Isl1 ) in mESC derived embryoid bodies (mEBs) and in BMP2-induced cardiac progenitors from hIPCs was deficient in mutated cells. Nevertheless, the formation of mesendoderm was not affected in cells carrying Lmna+/H222P mutation. Cell contractility was impaired in mutated mEBs which correlated with a poor sarcomeric network visualised by cell immunostaining. Thus, my thesis revealed that human and murine pluripotent stem cells can serve as cellular model for laminopahties. These cells could be used for drug screening in order to test pharmacological approach to relieve symptomns of AD-EDMD.EVRY-Bib. électronique (912289901) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Biological and Ethical Basis of the Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for In Vitro Test Systems or Cell Therapy

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are now routinely cultured in many laboratories, and differentiation protocols are available to generate a large variety of cell types. In an ongoing ethical debate opinions of different groups are based on varying sets of religious, historical, cultural and scientific arguments as well as on widely differing levels of general information. We here give an overview of the biological background for non-specialists, and address all issues of the current stem cell debate that are of concern in different cultures and states. Thirty-five chapters address embryo definition, potential killing and the beginning of human life, in addition to matters of human dignity, patenting, commercialisation, and potential alternatives for the future, such as induced pluripotent (reprogrammed) stem cells. All arguments are compiled in a synopsis, and compromise solutions, e.g. for the definition of the beginning of personhood and for assigning dignity to embryos, are suggested. Until recently, the major application of hESC was thought to be transplantation of cells derived from hESC for therapeutic use. We discuss here that the most likely immediate uses will rather be in vitro test systems and disease models. Major and minor pharmaceutical companies have entered this field, and the European Union is sponsoring academic research into hESC-based innovative test systems. This development is supported by new testing strategies in Europe and the USA focussing on human cell-based in vitro systems for safety evaluations, and shifting the focus of toxicology away from classical animal experiments towards a more mechanistic understanding.JRC.I.3-In-vitro method

Cardiopoietic programming of embryonic stem cells for tumor-free heart repair

Embryonic stem cells have the distinct potential for tissue regeneration, including cardiac repair. Their propensity for multilineage differentiation carries, however, the liability of neoplastic growth, impeding therapeutic application. Here, the tumorigenic threat associated with embryonic stem cell transplantation was suppressed by cardiac-restricted transgenic expression of the reprogramming cytokine TNF-α, enhancing the cardiogenic competence of recipient heart. The in vivo aptitude of TNF-α to promote cardiac differentiation was recapitulated in embryoid bodies in vitro. The procardiogenic action required an intact endoderm and was mediated by secreted cardio-inductive signals. Resolved TNF-α–induced endoderm-derived factors, combined in a cocktail, secured guided differentiation of embryonic stem cells in monolayers produce cardiac progenitors termed cardiopoietic cells. Characterized by a down-regulation of oncogenic markers, up-regulation, and nuclear translocation of cardiac transcription factors, this predetermined population yielded functional cardiomyocyte progeny. Recruited cardiopoietic cells delivered in infarcted hearts generated cardiomyocytes that proliferated into scar tissue, integrating with host myocardium for tumor-free repair. Thus, cardiopoietic programming establishes a strategy to hone stem cell pluripotency, offering a tumor-resistant approach for regeneration

Structural plasticity of the cardiac nuclear pore complex in response to regulators of nuclear import

Abstract-Communication between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of cardiac cells occurs by molecular transport through nuclear pores. In lower eukaryotes, nuclear transport requires the maintenance of cellular energetics and ion homeostasis. Although heart muscle is particularly sensitive to metabolic stress, the regulation of nuclear transport through nuclear pores in cardiomyocytes has not yet been characterized. With the use of laser confocal and atomic force microscopy, we observed nuclear transport in cardiomyocytes and the structure of individual nuclear pores under different cellular conditions. In response to the depletion of Ca 2ϩ stores or ATP/GTP pools, the cardiac nuclear pore complex adopted 2 distinct conformations that led to different patterns of nuclear import regulation. Depletion of Ca 2ϩ indiscriminately prevented the nuclear import of macromolecules through closure of the nuclear pore opening. Depletion of ATP/GTP only blocked facilitated transport through a simultaneous closure of the pore and relaxation of the entire complex, which allowed other molecules to pass into the nucleus through peripheral routes. The current study of the structural plasticity of the cardiac nuclear pore complex, which was observed in response to changes in cellular conditions, identifies a gating mechanism for molecular translocation across the nuclear envelope of cardiac cells. The cardiac nuclear pore complex serves as a conduit that differentially regulates nuclear transport of macromolecules and provides a mechanism for the control of nucleocytoplasmic communication in cardiac cells, in particular under stress conditions associated with disturbances in cellular bioenergetics and Ca 2ϩ homeostasis. (Circ Res. 1999;84:1292-1301.

Continental weathering as a driver of Late Cretaceous cooling : new insights from clay mineralogy of Campanian sediments from the southern Tethyan margin to the Boreal realm

21 pagesInternational audienceNew clay mineralogical analyses have been performed on Campanian sediments from the Tethyan and Boreal realms along a palaeolatitudinal transect from 45° to 20°N (Danish Basin, North Sea, Paris Basin, Mons Basin, Aquitaine Basin, Umbria-Marche Basin and Tunisian Atlas). Significant terrigenous inputs are evidenced by increasing proportions of detrital clay minerals such as illite, kaolinite and chlorite at various levels in the mid- to upper Campanian, while smectitic minerals predominate and represented the background of the Late Cretaceous clay sedimentation. Our new results highlight a distinct latitudinal distribution of clay minerals, with the occurrence of kaolinite in southern sections and an almost total absence of this mineral in northern areas. This latitudinal trend points to an at least partial climatic control on clay mineral sedimentation, with a humid zone developed between 20° and 35°N. The association and co-evolution of illite, chlorite and kaolinite in most sections suggest a reworking of these minerals from basement rocks weathered by hydrolysis, which we link to the formation of relief around the Tethys due to compression associated with incipient Tethyan closure. Diachronism in the occurrence of detrital minerals between sections, with detrital input starting earlier during the Santonian in the south than in the north, highlights the northward progression of the deformation related to the anticlockwise rotation of Africa. Increasing continental weathering and erosion, evidenced by our clay mineralogical data through the Campanian, may have resulted in enhanced CO2 consumption by silicate weathering, thereby contributing to Late Cretaceous climatic cooling

Mutations in DCHS1 Cause Mitral Valve Prolapse

SUMMARY Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiac valve disease that affects nearly 1 in 40 individuals1–3. It can manifest as mitral regurgitation and is the leading indication for mitral valve surgery4,5. Despite a clear heritable component, the genetic etiology leading to non-syndromic MVP has remained elusive. Four affected individuals from a large multigenerational family segregating non-syndromic MVP underwent capture sequencing of the linked interval on chromosome 11. We report a missense mutation in the DCHS1 gene, the human homologue of the Drosophila cell polarity gene dachsous (ds) that segregates with MVP in the family. Morpholino knockdown of the zebrafish homolog dachsous1b resulted in a cardiac atrioventricular canal defect that could be rescued by wild-type human DCHS1, but not by DCHS1 mRNA with the familial mutation. Further genetic studies identified two additional families in which a second deleterious DCHS1 mutation segregates with MVP. Both DCHS1 mutations reduce protein stability as demonstrated in zebrafish, cultured cells, and, notably, in mitral valve interstitial cells (MVICs) obtained during mitral valve repair surgery of a proband. Dchs1+/− mice had prolapse of thickened mitral leaflets, which could be traced back to developmental errors in valve morphogenesis. DCHS1 deficiency in MVP patient MVICs as well as in Dchs1+/− mouse MVICs result in altered migration and cellular patterning, supporting these processes as etiological underpinnings for the disease. Understanding the role of DCHS1 in mitral valve development and MVP pathogenesis holds potential for therapeutic insights for this very common disease

A brief overview on iPSC and embryonic stem cell technology

Conference on Changing the Face of Modern Medicine - Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND, OCT 16-19, 2018International audienc

Regulation alpha1-adrenergique et purinergique du couplage. Excitation-Contraction de la cellule cardiaque isolee

SIGLEINIST T 77244 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Rôle de l'homéostasie calcique dans la différenciation cardiaque des cellules souches embryonnaires de souris

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Prédétermination cardiaque des cellules souches embryonnaires

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF