Specificity of innate immunity in bivalves: a lesson from bacteria

Bivalves are a relevant ecological group, widespread in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems, with many edible species, such as oysters, mussels, and clams. Bivalves are endowed with an effective and complex innate immune system (humoral and cellular defenses). Bivalve immunity displays a wide variety of sensitive receptors, selective effectors, and synergistic genetic regulatory networks that afford protection in a fluctuating environment.As filter feeders, bivalves accumulate large numbers of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, that can either establish a commensal relationship with the host or proliferate and invade soft tissues, resulting in a high mortality of bivalve juveniles and adults. In this framework, understanding the relationship between the bivalve immune system and bacteria has important implications not only for the protection of economically important species but also for human health concerns. Available data underlying the specificity of bivalve immune responses to bacterial challenges will be summarized. \ua92016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Comparative 16SrDNA Gene-Based Microbiota Profiles of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from a Shellfish Farm (Ligurian Sea, Italy)

The pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are two widely farmed bivalve species which show contrasting behaviour in relation to microbial diseases, with C. gigas being more susceptible and M. galloprovincialis being generally resistant. In a recent study, we showed that different susceptibility to infection exhibited by these two bivalve species may depend on their different capability to kill invading pathogens (e.g., Vibrio spp.) through the action of haemolymph components. Specific microbial-host interactions may also impact bivalve microbiome structure and further influence susceptibility/resistance to microbial diseases. To further investigate this concept, a comparative study of haemolymph and digestive gland 16SrDNA gene-based bacterial microbiota profiles in C. gigas and M. galloprovincialis co-cultivated at the same aquaculture site was carried out using pyrosequencing. Bacterial communities associated with bivalve tissues (hemolymph and digestive gland) were significantly different from those of seawater, and were dominated by relatively few genera such as Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas. In general, Vibrio accounted for a larger fraction of the microbiota in C. gigas (on average 1.7-fold in the haemolymph) compared to M. galloprovincialis, suggesting that C. gigas may provide better conditions for survival for these bacteria, including potential pathogenic species such as V. aestuarianus. Vibrios appeared to be important members of C. gigas and M. galloprovincialis microbiota and might play a contrasting role in health and disease of bivalve species. Accordingly, microbiome analyses performed on bivalve specimens subjected to commercial depuration highlighted the ineffectiveness of such practice in removing Vibrio species from bivalve tissues

Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to challenge with the emerging marine pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus

Vibrio coralliilyticus has emerged as a coral pathogen of concern throughout the Indo-Pacific reef. The interest towards understanding its ecology and pathogenic potential has increased since V. coralliilyticus was shown to be strongly virulent also for other species; in particular, it represents a serious threat for bivalve aquaculture, being one of the most important emerging pathogen responsible for oyster larval mortalities worldwide. V. coralliilyticus has a tightly regulated temperature-dependent virulence and it has been related to mass mortalities events of benthic invertebrates also in the temperate northwestern Mediterranean Sea. However, no data are available on the effects of V. coralliilyticus in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, the most abundant aquacultured species in this area. In this work, responses of M. galloprovincialis to challenge with V. coralliilyticus (ATCC BAA-450) were investigated. In vitro, short term responses of mussel hemocytes were evaluated in terms of lysosomal membrane stability, bactericidal activity, lysozyme release, ROS and NO production, and ultrastructural changes, evaluated by TEM. In vivo, hemolymph parameters were measured in mussels challenged with V. coralliilyticus at 24h p.i. Moreover, the effects of V. coralliilyticus on mussel early embryo development (at 48 hpf) were evaluated. The results show that both in vitro and in vivo, mussels were unable to activate immune response towards V. coralliilyticus, and that challenge mainly induced lysosomal stress in the hemocytes. Moreover, V. coralliilyticus showed a strong and concentration-dependent embryotoxicity. Overall, the results indicate that, although M. galloprovincialis is considered a resistant species to vibrio infections, the emerging pathogen V. coralliilyticus can represent a potential threat to mussel aquaculture

Vibrio cholerae interactions with Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes mediated by serum components

Edible bivalves (e.g., mussels, oysters) can accumulate large amount of bacteria in their tissues and act as passive carriers of pathogens to humans. Bacterial persistence inside bivalves depends, at least in part, on hemolymph anti-bacterial activity that is exerted by both serum soluble factors and phagocytic cells (i.e., the hemocytes). It was previously shown that Mytilus galloprovincialis hemolymph serum contains opsonins that mediate D-mannose-sensitive interactions between hemocytes and Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor bacteria that carry the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA). These opsonins enhance phagocytosis and killing of vibrios by facilitating their binding to hemocytes. Since V. cholerae strains not carrying the MSHA ligand (O1 classical, non-O1/O139) are present in coastal water and can be entrapped by mussels, we studied whether in mussel serum, in addition to opsonins directed toward MSHA, other components can mediate opsonization of these bacteria. By comparing interactions of O1 classical and non-O1/O139 strains with hemocytes in artificial sea water and serum, it was found that M. galloprovincialis serum contains components that increase by at approximately twofold their adhesion to, association with, and killing by hemocytes. Experiments conducted with high and low molecular mass fractions obtained by serum ultrafiltration indicated that these compounds have molecular mass higher than 5000 Da. Serum exposure to high temperature (80°C) abolished its opsonizing capability suggesting that the involved serum active components are of protein nature. Further studies are needed to define the chemical properties and specificity of both the involved bacterial ligands and hemolymph opsonins. This information will be central not only to better understand V. cholerae ecology, but also to improve current bivalve depuration practices and properly protect human health

Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Low Molecular Mass Fractions on Gene Expression in Gingival Cells Challenged with Prevotella intermedia and Actinomyces naeslundii

Low molecular mass (LMM) fractions obtained from extracts of raspberry, red chicory, and Shiitake mushrooms have been shown to be an useful source of specific antibacterial, antiadhesion/coaggregation, and antibiofilm agent(s) that might be used for protection towards caries and gingivitis. In this paper, the effects of such LMM fractions on human gingival KB cells exposed to the periodontal pathogens Prevotella intermedia and Actinomyces naeslundii were evaluated. Expression of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and β4 integrin (β4INT) genes, that are involved in cell proliferation/differentiation and adhesion, and of the antimicrobial peptide β2 defensin (HβD2) in KB cells was increased upon exposure to either live or heat-killed bacteria. All LMM fractions tested prevented or reduced the induction of gene expression by P. intermedia and A. naeslundii depending on the experimental conditions. Overall, the results suggested that LMM fractions could modulate the effects of bacteria associated with periodontal disease in gingival cells

Autophagic processes in Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes: Effects of Vibrio tapetis

Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated catabolic process involved in maintaining cell homeostasis in response to different stressors. The autophagic machinery is also used as an innate immune mechanism against microbial infection. In invertebrates, that lack acquired immunity, autophagy may thus play a key role in the protection against potential pathogens. In aquatic molluscs, evidence has been provided for induction of autophagy by starvation and different environmental stressors; however, no information is available on autophagic pathways in the immune cells, the hemocytes. In this work, the autophagic processes were investigated in the hemocytes of the marine bivalve, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The effects of classical inducers/inhibitors of mammalian autophagy were first tested. Rapamycin induced a decrease in lysosomal membrane stability-LMS that was prevented by the autophagy inhibitor Wortmannin. Increased MDC fluorescence and expression of LC3-II were also observed. Moreover, responses to in vitro challenge with the bivalve pathogen Vibrio tapetis were evaluated. Mussel hemocytes were unable to activate the immune response towards V. tapetis; however, bacterial challenge induced a moderate decrease in LMS, corresponding to lysosomal activation but no cytotoxicity; the effect was prevented by Wortmannin. TEM observations showed that V. tapetis resulted in rapid formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Accordingly, increased LC3-II expression, decreased levels of phosphorylated mTor and of p62 were observed. The results represent the first evidence for autophagic processes in bivalve hemocytes in response to bacterial challenge, and underline the protective role of autophagy towards potential pathogenic vibrios

"Extensive" green roof systems, efficiency in the retention capacity rainwater of the vegetation implanted

Los efectos del cambio climático y de los procesos de crecimiento urbano provocaron un deterioro ambiental en la Región Metropolitana Buenos Aires. Esta situación altera el ciclo hidrológico natural y el hidrograma de crecida en cuencas en proceso de urbanización se va modificando, presentando caudales pico más altos y tiempos de ascenso más cortos, a medida que aquélla avanza. Por otra parte, el calentamiento global de la atmósfera ha provocado un aumento en la precipitación media anual y en los valores extremos generados por tormentas de tipo conectivo, en la región central y norte de Argentina. Una de las posibles medidas para mitigar estos efectos, consiste en la implementación de cubiertas verdes o naturadas de tipo "extensivo" en terrazas de edificios y casas ya construidas para disminuir el factor de escurrimiento. El objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar la reducción del escurrimiento superficial y la calidad de agua entregada de cubiertas vegetadas con distinto tipo de vegetación implantada ante lluvias normales en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de un año de estudio, permitieron estimar una capacidad de retención de las cubiertas ensayadas (en CABA) que ha sido variable en función de la precipitación, y el tipo devegetación y su grado de cobertura. Es así que el porcentaje retenido ha sido alto (100%) con precipitaciones menores o iguales a los 20 mm. Para intervalos de lluvias entre 20 y 41 mm los porcentajes de retención variaron entre el 63% y 68%, con lluvias entre 42 y 60 mm observaron porcentajes de retención entre el 31% y 39%. Para el intervalo de 61 a 80 mm el porcentaje de retención se comportó en forma similar al intervalo anteriormente analizado, aunque con valores levemente menores 25% al 38% y por último, analizando las precipitaciones mayores a 90 mm, el porcentaje de retención fluctuó entre 16% y 22%. La Aptenia cordifolia presentó menores valores de retención en todos los intervalos salvo en el primero. Estos resultados posicionan a las cubiertas vegetadas, para las condiciones y sitio del ensayo, como una alternativa dentro del manejo hídrico integrado en cuencas urbanas.Climatic change effects and the processes of urban growth caused environmental deterioration in the city of Buenos Aires. This situation alters the natural hydrological cycle and the hydrograph of floodwaters in urbanizing watersheds will modify, presenting flows higher peak and shorter rise times as it progresses. On the other hand, the global warming has caused an increase in mean annual precipitation and extreme values generated by storms of connective type, in the central region and North of Argentina. One of the possibilities to mitigate these effects is the implementation of extensive green roofs systems in terraces of buildings and houses built that help to reduce runoff factor. The objective of this paper was: to determine the reduction of surface runoff and water quality delivered for different types of green roofs with different types of vegetation implanted in normal rainfall in the city of Buenos Aires. The results of the study that was carried out along one year, showed that the retention capacity of the tested lots varied, depending upon precipitation, type of vegetation and coverage. For the range of 21 and 41 mm the retention ratesreached between 63% and 68%, with rainfall between 42 and 60 mm are observed percentages of retention from 31% to 39%. For the range of 61 to 80 mm the retention percentage was similarly to the range previously analyzed, 25% to 38%, and finally analyzing rainfall greater than 90 mm, the percentage of retention varies between 16% and 22%. The Aptenia cordifolia presented minors values of retention in all ranges except the first. The results of the test showed that green roofs system represent a good alternative in the integrated management of water runoff in urban watersheds.Fil: Rosatto, Héctor. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Moyano, Gabriela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Cazorla, Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Laureda, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Meyer, Maia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Gamboa, Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Bargiela, Martha. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y AmbienteFil: Caso, César Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Villalba, Gustavo Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Barrera, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Pruzzo, Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Rodríguez Plaza, Luis. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Oliveri, Alejandra. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Waslavsky, Agustina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Hashimoto, Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Kohan, Diana. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingenierí

Water retention efficiency of green roof systems in "extensive" and "intensive" type covers

La inundación en áreas urbanas por sobrecarga de las redes de drenaje es un problema recurrente de importancia creciente. Las cubiertas vegetadas (naturadas) retienen parte de la lámina de agua precipitada, reduciendo el escurrimiento superficial y generando hidrogramas de escorrentía directa con caudales pico menores y más retardados. Estas propiedades hacen que esta tecnología pueda contribuir a reducir la sobrecarga de cauces urbanos. Los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de casi dos años de estudio permitieron estimar una capacidad de retención de las cubiertas ensayadas (en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires), que ha sido variable en función de la precipitación, del grado de cobertura y profundidad del sustrato. Es así que el porcentaje retenido ha sido alto (73% a 100%) con precipitaciones menores o iguales a los 20 mm, alrededor del 60% con lluvias de 35 a 40 mm, y con precipitaciones cercanas a 100 mm los porcentajes de retención se redujeron notablemente, alcanzando valores cercanos al 30%. Estos resultados posicionan las cubiertas vegetadas, para las condiciones y sitio del ensayo, como una alternativa dentro del manejo hídrico integrado en cuencas urbanas.Flash floods in urban areas caused by overload of drainage networks are a recurrent problem of raising importance. Greenroofs retain part of the stormwater, lowering surface flow and generating runoff hydrographs with lower and delayed peak flows. Therefore, this technology can contribute to mitigate the overload of drainage networks. The results of the study that was carried out in City of Buenos Aires along almost two years, showed that the retention capacity of the tested lots tasted varied, depending upon precipitation, coverage and depth of the substrate. With precipitation less than or equal to 20 mm, the retention fraction was high (73% to 100%), and when precipitation reached 35 to 40 mm, the maximum percentage of retention was around 60%. However, when the rainfall was approximately 100 mm, the retention fraction was reduced substantially, reaching values nearing 30%. The results of the test showed that green roofs system represent a good alternative in the integrated management of water runoff in urban watersheds.Fil: Rosatto, Héctor. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Meyer, Maia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Laureda, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Cazorla, Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Barrera, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Gamboa, Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Villalba, Gustavo Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Bargiela, Martha. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y AmbienteFil: Pruzzo, Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Rodríguez Plaza, Luis. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ingeniería AgrícolaFil: Mazzeo, Nadia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Caso, César Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Rocca, Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de AgronomíaFil: Hashimoto, Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Kohan, Diana. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de IngenieríaFil: Quaintenne, Elina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomí

Characterization of a new albendazole resistant Fasciola hepatica isolate

Characterization of a new albendazole resistant Fasciola hepatica isolateMaría Martínez-Valladares11,2, Elora Valderas-García1,2, Verónica Castilla Gómez de Agüero1,2, Marta González-Warleta3, Laura Ceballos4, Juan P. Lirón4, Rodrigo Sanabria5, Cesar Pruzzo5, Luis I. Alvarez4.1Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Department of Animal Health), León, Spain.2Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Department of Animal Health), Facultad de Veterinaria, University of Leon, Leon, Spain.3Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain.4Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Tandil, Argentina.5Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.The infection by Fasciola hepatica affects mainly ruminants although is present in a wide variety of species including humans. Fasciolosis control is mainly based on triclabendazole administration, the main drug indicated in humans. Albendazole (ABZ) is used against nematode and liver fluke infections in ruminants. The misuse of these drugs has led to the appearance of anthelmintic resistance. In this study, we characterized an ABZ resistant isolate and evaluate the use of a combined treatment to improve treatment efficacy. The isolate was collected from a slaughterhouse in Argentina, maintained under laboratory conditions and identified by means of the egg hatch test (EHT). Using these eggs metacercariae were produced to infect sheep artificially. When flukes reached the adult stage, animals were divided into two groups, one treated with ABZ (7.5 mg/kg bw) and another with a placebo. All sheep were slaughtered at day 14 post-treatment to collect and count the number of flukes. The resistance of ABZ was confirmed with a reduction of 44% of adult flukes in the treated group. At the necropsy, adult flukes from the livers and eggs from the gall bladders, both from sheep treated with the placebo, were collected. Adult flukes were maintained alive in RPMI medium to let them to excrete eggs for 24 hours. EHT was conducted and different results were observed with the two egg sets. The EHT performed with eggs collected directly from gall bladder confirmed the resistant status of the isolate. However, the EHT with eggs recovered from flukes resulted in a susceptible phenotype, showing that only previously laying eggs (in bile) can express the resistant phenotype. After producing more metacercariae from this resistant isolate, we are testing in vivo the efficacy of a combined treatment to improve its efficacy. The results will be presented during the WAAVP meeting.Fil: Martínez Valladares, María. Universidad de Leon. Facultad de Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Valderas García, Elora. Universidad de Leon. Facultad de Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Castilla Gómez de Agüero, Verónica. Universidad de Leon. Facultad de Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: González Warleta, Marta. Universidad de Leon. Facultad de Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Ceballos, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Sanabria, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Pruzzo, Cesar Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Luis Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina28th International Conference of tha World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary ParasitologyDublinIrlandaWorld Association for the Advancement of Veterinary ParasitologyUniversity College Dubli

A Vaccine Based on Kunitz-Type Molecule Confers Protection Against Fasciola hepatica Challenge by Inducing IFN-γ and Antibody Immune Responses Through IL-17A Production

Fasciola hepatica is helminth parasite found around the world that causes fasciolosis, a chronic disease affecting mainly cattle, sheep, and occasionally humans. Triclabendazole is the drug of choice to treat this parasite. However, the continuous use of this drug has led to the development of parasite resistance and, consequently, the limitation of its effectiveness. Hence, vaccination appears as an attractive option to develop. In this work, we evaluated the potential of F. hepatica Kunitz-type molecule (FhKTM) as an antigen formulated with a liquid crystal nanostructure formed by self-assembly of 6-O-ascorbyl palmitate ester (Coa-ASC16) and the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) during an experimental model of fasciolosis in mice, and we further dissected the immune response associated with host protection. Our results showed that immunization of mice with FhKTM/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 induces protection against F. hepatica challenge by preventing liver damage and improving survival after F. hepatica infection. FhKTM/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16-immunized mice elicited potent IFN-γ and IL-17A with high levels of antigen-specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA serum antibodies. Strikingly, IL-17A blockade during infection decreased IgG2a and IgA antibody levels as well as IFN-γ production, leading to an increase in mortality of vaccinated mice. The present study highlights the potential of a new vaccine formulation to improve control and help the eradication of F. hepatica infection, with potential applications for natural hosts such as cattle and sheep.Fil: Silvane, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Celias, Daiana Pamela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Romagnoli, Pablo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Grupo Vinculado Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchástegui - Cimetsa | Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Grupo Vinculado Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchástegui - Cimetsa | Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Grupo Vinculado Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional Severo R. Amuchástegui - Cimetsa.; Argentina. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Maletto, Belkys Angélica. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Vallecillo, María Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; ArgentinaFil: Chiapello, Laura Silvina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Palma, Santiago Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica; ArgentinaFil: Allemandi, Daniel Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica; ArgentinaFil: Sanabria, Rodrigo Eduardo Fabrizio. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús). Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (sede Chascomús); ArgentinaFil: Pruzzo, Cesar Ivan. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Motran, Claudia Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Cervi, Laura Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; Argentin