87 research outputs found
The chemical structure of the very young starless core L1521E
L1521E is a dense starless core in Taurus that was found to have relatively
low molecular depletion by earlier studies, thus suggesting a recent formation.
We aim to characterize the chemical structure of L1521E and compare it to the
more evolved L1544 pre-stellar core. We have obtained 2.52.5
arcminute maps toward L1521E using the IRAM-30m telescope in transitions of
various species. We derived abundances for the species and compared them to
those obtained toward L1544. We estimated CO depletion factors. Similarly to
L1544, -CH and CHOH peak at different positions. Most species
peak toward the -CH peak. The CO depletion factor derived toward the
dust peak is 4.31.6, which is about a factor of three lower
than that toward L1544. The abundances of sulfur-bearing molecules are higher
toward L1521E than toward L1544 by factors of 2-20. The abundance of
methanol is similar toward the two cores. The higher abundances of
sulfur-bearing species toward L1521E than toward L1544 suggest that significant
sulfur depletion takes place during the dynamical evolution of dense cores,
from the starless to pre-stellar stage. The CO depletion factor measured toward
L1521E suggests that CO is more depleted than previously found. Similar
CHOH abundances between L1521E and L1544 hint that methanol is forming at
specific physical conditions in Taurus, characterized by densities of a few
10 cm and (H)10 cm, when CO
starts to catastrophically freeze-out, while water can still be significantly
photodissociated, so that the surfaces of dust grains become rich in solid CO
and CHOH, as already found toward L1544. Methanol can thus provide
selective crucial information about the transition region between dense cores
and the surrounding parent cloud.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, abstract abridge
Collisional excitation of NH(3{\Sigma}-) by Ar: A new ab initio 3D potential energy surface and scattering calculations
Collisional excitation of light hydrides is important to fully understand the
complex chemical and physical processes of atmospheric and astrophysical
environments. Here, we focus on the NH(X3{\Sigma}-)-Ar van der Waals system.
First, we have calculated a new three-dimensional Potential Energy Surface
(PES), which explicitly includes the NH bond vibration. We have carried out the
ab initio calculations of the PES employing the open-shell single- and
double-excitation couple cluster method with noniterative perturbational
treatment of the triple excitations. To achieve a better accuracy, we have
first obtained the energies using the augmented correlation-consistent
aug-cc-pVXZ (X = T, Q, 5) basis sets and then we have extrapolated the final
values to the complete basis set limit. We have also studied the collisional
excitation of NH(X3{\Sigma}-)-Ar at the close-coupling level, employing our new
PES. We calculated collisional excitation cross sections of the fine-structure
levels of NH by Ar for energies up to 3000 cm-1 . After thermal average of the
cross sections, we have then obtained the rate coefficients for temperatures up
to 350 K. The propensity rules between the fine-structure levels are in good
agreement with those of similar collisional systems, even though they are not
as strong and pronounced as for lighter systems, such as NH-He. The final
theoretical values are also compared with the few available experimental data
Distribution of methanol and cyclopropenylidene around starless cores
Context. The spatial distribution of molecules around starless cores is a
powerful tool for studying the physics and chemistry governing the earliest
stages of star formation. Aims. Our aim is to study the chemical
differentiation in starless cores to determine the influence of large-scale
effects on the spatial distribution of molecules within the cores. Furthermore,
we want to put observational constraints on the mechanisms responsible in
starless cores for the desorption of methanol from the surface of dust grains
where it is efficiently produced. Methods. We mapped methanol, CH3OH, and
cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, with the IRAM 30m telescope in the 3 mm band
towards six starless cores embedded in different environments, and in different
evolutionary stages. Furthermore, we searched for correlations among physical
properties of the cores and the methanol distribution. Results. From our maps
we can infer that the chemical segregation between CH3OH and c-C3H2 is driven
by uneven illumination from the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). The side
of the core that is more illuminated has more C atoms in the gas-phase and the
formation of carbon-chain molecules like c-C3H2 is enhanced. Instead, on the
side that is less exposed to the ISRF the C atoms are mostly locked in carbon
monoxide, CO, the precursor of methanol. Conclusions. We conclude that
large-scale effects have a direct impact on the chemical segregation that we
can observe at core scale. However, the non-thermal mechanisms responsible for
the desorption of methanol in starless cores do not show any dependency on the
H2 column density at the methanol peak.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Design of a Multi-Wavelength Fiber Laser Based on Tm:Er:Yb:Ho Co-Doped Germanate Glass
In this article, for the first time, an efficient multi-wavelength fiber laser based on a Tm:Er:Yb:Ho co-doped germanate glass, optically pumped at 980 nm wavelength and simultaneously emitting at 1550 nm, 1800 nm and 2050 nm wavelengths, is designed and optimized. An exhaustive model, taking into account the energy transfer phenomena between different rare earths, is developed. The device behavior is investigated by means of several parametric sweeps with respect to the input pump power, the fiber length, the dopant concentrations and the output mirrors reflectivities. Four optimal concentrations have been found by means of a home-made computer code based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach, allowing a global solution search. These concentrations allow levels of output powers very close to each other, equal to 20 mW 0.1 at 1550 nm, 1800 nm and 2050 nm, respectively. These results predict the possibility of tailoring the dopant concentrations in order to construct broadband optical sources with similar emission powers at multiple wavelengths and broadband amplifiers
Mid-IR tunable CW and passively Q-switched laser operation of Dy-doped fluoride fiber
We report a comprehensive characterization of tunable continuous-wave (CW) and passive Q-switching laser performance of Dy-doped zirconium fluoride fiber emitting around 3 mu m. The in-band pumped CW laser operation is investigated for pump wavelengths varying from 2.7 mu m to 2.825 mu m, for fiber lengths ranging from 0.4 m to 2 m, and for output coupling efficiency from 10% to 50%, leading to a maximum laser slope efficiency of 44% and a tuning range larger than 300 nm. With Findlay-Clay analysis and Rigrod analyses, optimal cavity parameters are retrieved, paving the way for further optimizations in performance. The passively Q-switched laser operation of Dy-doped fluoride fiber is achieved employing a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror for the first time, demonstrating a stable operation with a minimum pulse duration of 580 ns, a highest repetition frequency of 103 kHz and a pulse energy up to 300 nJ
Metallo-Dielectric Multilayer Structure for Lactose Malabsorption Diagnosis through H2 Breath Test
A metallo-dielectric multilayer structure is proposed as a novel approach to
the analysis of lactose malabsorption. When lactose intolerance occurs, the
bacterial overgrowth in the intestine causes an increased spontaneous emission
of H2 in the human breath. By monitoring the changes in the optical properties
of a multilayer palladium-polymeric structure, one is able to detect the
patient's disease and the level of lactose malabsorption with high sensitivity
and rapid response
Distribution of methanol and cyclopropenylidene around starless cores
Context. The spatial distribution of molecules around starless cores is a powerful tool for studying the physics and chemistry governing the earliest stages of star formation. Aims: Our aim is to study the chemical differentiation in starless cores to determine the influence of large-scale effects on the spatial distribution of molecules within the cores. Furthermore, we want to put observational constraints on the mechanisms responsible in starless cores for the desorption of methanol from the surface of dust grains where it is efficiently produced. Methods: We mapped methanol, CH3OH, and cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the 3 mm band towards six starless cores embedded in different environments, and in different evolutionary stages. Furthermore, we searched for correlations among physical properties of the cores and the methanol distribution. Results: From our maps we can infer that the chemical segregation between CH3OH and c-C3H2 is driven by uneven illumination from the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). The side of the core that is more illuminated has more C atoms in the gas-phase and the formation of carbon-chain molecules like c-C3H2 is enhanced. Instead, on the side that is less exposed to the ISRF the C atoms are mostly locked in carbon monoxide, CO, the precursor of methanol. Conclusions: We conclude that large-scale effects have a direct impact on the chemical segregation that we can observe at core scale. However, the non-thermal mechanisms responsible for the desorption of methanol in starless cores do not show any dependency on the H2 column density at the methanol peak. The reduced datacubes are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/643/A60 Based on observations carried out with the IRAM 30 m Telescope. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain)
High sensitivity photonic crystal pressure sensor
A two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity coupled with a waveguide is proposed to realise a high sensitive force sensor, designed on a GaAs membrane. A theoretical model is developed to evaluate the change of the refractive index induced by the application of the force onto a sensing surface. A linear calibration curve is obtained relating the resonant drop position to the applied force
Design of an Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Focusing on Constructional Aspects
Abstract This paper presents an Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) design, focusing on its constructional aspects. The main features analysed are the connector attachment structure and the introduction of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) part that supports the antenna laminate. Issues related to dielectric penetration by milling tools are also addressed. The proposed AVA was manufactured through a low-cost prototyping process and tested, achieving an operational bandwidth from 5 to 18 GHz for a reflection coefficient less than −10 dB and an average gain of 6.23 dBi. The prototype meets all design requirements, which shows the viability of the developed radiator
Wide-band optical field concentrator for low-index core propagation
We propose a novel chirped structure consisting of a low index polymer core
bounded by modulated multilayer claddings, to realize an optical field
concentrator with virtually zero propagation losses in a wide spectral range,
independent of wave polarization. In spite of the absence of the total internal
reflection mechanism, properly designed multilayer claddings ensure the
achievement of unitary transmittance in a wide spectral range, including the
widely used wavelengths for optical communications. Several cladding geometries
obtained by varying the thicknesses of the cladding layers are reported and
discussed.Comment: submitted to the Journal of the European Optical Societ
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