Le travail " pur " des faiseuses d'adoption : Étude d'un groupe de bénévoles d'une ONG française

RÉSUMÉLe travail " pur " des faiseuses d'adoption. Étude d'un groupe de bénévoles d'une ONG françaiseLe récit produit par les acteurs, bénévoles et salariés, du Département d'adoption internationale d'une importante ONG française, porte sur la définition du travail et sur l'objet de ce même travail, l'enfant à adopter. Ce récit peut être qualifié de mythique, car il abolit la différence entre bénévolat et salariat, et transcende l'ordre sociologique externe au service. Produit par un groupe de femmes dominant le fonctionnement de ce département (les « faiseuses de l'adoption »). il s'oppose implicitement à la politique managériale « quantitative » (répondre à l'urgence) de la direction de l'ONG. Il met en avant une hiérarchie de valeurs qui lui est propre, en particulier il absolutise le travail « pur ». c'est-à-dire non lucratif, et l'enfant « hors-marché ». personnifié par l'enfant « âgé. malade et laid ». commercialement invendable. Il refuse explicitement les formes extrêmes du modèle économique global, comme l'enfant-marchandise. vendu sur catalogue par les agences commerciales d'adoption, qu'il situe dans un « ailleurs » outre-Atlantique. Il ne semble pas être le reflet d'une idéologie politique ou religieuse particulière. Il s'agit plutôt de la réaffirmation d'une identité locale soumise à la pression de la globalisation.Mots clés : Procoli. adoption, identité, récit mythique, travail, bénévolat. FranceABSTRACTThe "Pure " Work of thé Adoption 's MakersAn Ethnological Siud\ on a Group of Voluntary Workers in a French NGOThe narrative produced by voluntary or paid workers. from the international adoption department of an important French NGO. concerns the définition of "work" and the object of this work. thé child to adopt. This narrative may be termed "mythical" as it abolishes the différence between voluntary and paid work and transcend the sociological order. extemal to the service. Produced by a group of women (the "adoption's makers") dominating the running of the service, this narrative is opposed implicitly to the managerial "quantitative" policy (following the logic of emergency) of the NGO authority. It privilegiates ils own hierarchy of values, and. particularly. it emphasizes the "pure" work. that is the "non-profitable work". and the child "out of market". personified by the "old. ill and ugly" child. commercially unsaleable. It refuses explicitly the extrême forms of global économie model. as the "child-for-sale". sold on catalogue by commercial agencies. which are located "elsewhere". in the Anglo-Saxon world. It doesn't seem to be the reflection of a particular political or religious ideology. It just concerns the re-assertion of a local identity. subjected to the pression of globalization.Key words : Procoli. adoption, identity. mythical narrative, work. voluntary help. Franc

“ Du frais mis en boîte ” : le cas de la conserve de pâté pur porc Hénaff

Le pâté de porc Hénaff reste l'un des aliments symboles de la tradition alimentaire bretonne. Suivant une recette centenaire, il est préparé à partir d'une viande fraîche de voisinage. Toutefois, dans un souci d'élargir sa présence sur le marché global, la direction a lancé depuis quelques années une nouvelle gamme de pâtés et plats cuisinés, produits à partir d'une viande foraine congelée. Plus récemment, rompant, en apparence, avec la tradition de la conserverie, Hénaff s'est lancé dans la commercialisation de viande fraîche (saucisses et palets de porc), fabriquée, comme le pâté pur porc, à partir de porcs finistériens, dont la diffusion se limite à la Bretagne. À partir de ces données l'article analyse la production symbolique d'un espace où sont préservées la qualité et la pureté par la recherche de l'enracinement, même si la politique affichée de l'entreprise est celle d'un ouverture sur le monde. À ce titre le frais et le pâté pur porc (“ du frais mis en boîte ”), qui apparaît comme la seule vraie conserve Hénaff, sont emblématiques de cette quête du pur par le local.Angela PROCOLI, "Canned fresh meat": the case of canned pure pork Hénaff pâté The Hénaff pâté remains one of the symbolic foodstuffs in the tradition of Brittany. The recipe is a hundred years’ old and it is prepared from fresh meat reared in the neighbourhood. However, over the last few years, the management aiming at the world market launched a new range of pâtés and ready to serve dishes containing frozen meat of foreign origin. More recently, in an apparent break, with the tradition of canning, Hénaff began to market fresh meat (sausage and pork hamburger-style), manufactured, as its pâté predecessor, from the meat of locally bred pigs. From this data, the article describes a symbolic area of production where purity and quality are equated with roots in a well-defined area, even though the firm's proclaimed policy aims at the world at large. Along that line, fresh meat and the pure pork pâté ("canned fresh meat"), which appears as the only genuine Henaff product, are typical of a quest for purity as equated to a well-defined geographic area

Culture of human cell lines by a pathogen-inactivated human platelet lysate

Alternatives to the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) have been investigated to ensure xeno-free growth condition. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of human platelet lysate (PL) as a substitute of FBS for the in vitro culture of some human cell lines. PL was obtained by pools of pathogen inactivated human donor platelet (PLT) concentrates. Human leukemia cell lines (KG-1, K562, JURKAT, HL-60) and epithelial tumor cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7) were cultured with either FBS or PL. Changes in cell proliferation, viability, morphology, surface markers and cell cycle were evaluated for each cell line. Functional characteristics were analysed by drug sensitivity test and cytotoxicity assay. Our results demonstrated that PL can support growth and expansion of all cell lines, although the cells cultured in presence of PL experienced a less massive proliferation compared to those grown with FBS. We found a comparable percentage of viable specific marker-expressing cells in both conditions, confirming lineage fidelity in all cultures. Functionality assays showed that cells in both FBS- and PL-supported cultures maintained their normal responsiveness to adriamycin and NK cell-mediated lysis. Our findings indicate that PL is a feasible serum substitute for supporting growth and propagation of haematopoietic and epithelial cell lines with many advantages from a perspective of process standardization, ethicality and product safety

Bacterial Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, or both in Dogs

BACKGROUND: Bacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis are rarely reported, poorly characterized diseases in the dog. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the clinical features of these conditions. ANIMALS: Twenty‐seven client‐owned dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both. METHODS: Multicenter, retrospective cases series of dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both, presenting January 2000 to June 2011 to 4 Veterinary Schools in Ireland/United Kingdom. Interrogation of hospital databases identified all cases with the inclusion criteria; histopathologically confirmed cholangitis or cholecystitis and bile culture/cytology results supporting a bacterial etiology. RESULTS: Twenty‐seven dogs met the inclusion criteria with approximately 460 hepatitis cases documented over the same study period. Typical clinical pathology findings were increases in liver enzyme activities (25/26), hyperbilirubinemia (20/26), and an inflammatory leukogram (21/24). Ultrasound findings, although nonspecific, aided decision‐making in 25/26 cases. The most frequent hepatobiliary bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (n = 17; 16 cases), Enterococcus spp. (n = 8; 6 cases), and Clostridium spp. (n = 5; 5 cases). Antimicrobial resistance was an important feature of aerobic isolates; 10/16 E. coli isolates resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes. Biliary tract rupture complicated nearly one third of cases, associated with significant mortality (4/8). Discharged dogs had a guarded to fair prognosis; 17/18 alive at 2 months, although 5/10 re‐evaluated had persistent liver enzyme elevation 2–12 months later. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Bacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis occur more frequently than suggested by current literature and should be considered in dogs presenting with jaundice and fever, abdominal pain, or an inflammatory leukogram or with ultrasonographic evidence of gallbladder abnormalities

Interleukin-21 induces the differentiation of human umbilical cord blood CD34-lineage- cells into pseudomature lytic NK cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is enriched with transplantable CD34⁺cells. In addition to CD34-expressing haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), human UCB contains a rare population of CD34^-lineage^-cells endowed with the ability to differentiate along the T/NK pathway in response to interleukin (IL)-15 and a stromal cell support. IL-21 is a crucial regulator of NK cell function, whose influence on IL-15-induced differentiation of CD34^-lineage^-cells has not been investigated previously. The present study was designed and conducted to address whether IL-21 might replace the stromal cell requirements and foster the IL-15-induced NK differentiation of human UCB CD34^-lineage^-cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CD34^-lineage^-cells were maintained in liquid culture with Flt3-L and SCF, with the addition of IL-15 and IL-21, either alone or in combination. Cultures were established in the absence of feeder cells or serum supplementation. Cytokine-treated cells were used to evaluate cell surface phenotype, expression of molecular determinants of lymphoid/NK cell differentiation, secretion of IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNF-α and CCL3/MIP-1α, and cytolytic activity against NK-sensitive tumour cell targets. CD34^-lineage^-cells proliferated vigorously in response to IL-15 and IL-21 but not to IL-21 alone, and up-regulated phosphorylated Stat1 and Stat3 proteins. CD34^-lineage^-cells expanded by IL-21 in combination with IL-15 acquired lymphoid morphology and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)^-CD56⁺CD16^-/+phenotype, consistent with pseudo-mature NK cells. IL-21/IL-15-differentiated cells expressed high levels of mRNA for Bcl-2, GATA-3 and Id2, a master switch required for NK-cell development, and harboured un-rearranged TCRγ genes. From a functional standpoint, IL-21/IL-15-treated cells secreted copious amounts of IFN-γ, GM-CSF and CCL3/MIP-1α, and expressed cell surface CD107a upon contact with NK-sensitive tumour targets, a measure of exocytosis of NK secretory granules.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study underpins a novel role for IL-21 in the differentiation of pseudo-mature lytic NK cells in a synergistic context with IL-15, and identifies a potential strategy to expand functional NK cells for immunotherapy.</p

Effects of pegylated G-CSF on immune cell number and function in patients with gynecological malignancies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; pegfilgrastim) is a longer-acting form of G-CSF, whose effects on dendritic cell (DC) and regulatory T cell (Treg) mobilization, and on the <it>in vivo </it>and ex vivo release of immune modulating cytokines remain unexplored.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twelve patients with gynecological cancers received carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy and single-dose pegfilgrastim as prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia. Peripheral blood was collected prior to pegfilgrastim administration (day 0) and on days +7, +11 and +21, to quantify immunoregulatory cytokines and to assess type 1 DC (DC1), type 2 DC (DC2) and Treg cell mobilization. <it>In vitro</it>-differentiated, monocyte-derived DC were used to investigate endocytic activity, expression of DC maturation antigens and ability to activate allogeneic T-cell proliferation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Pegfilgrastim increased the frequency of circulating DC1 and DC2 precursors. In contrast, CD4⁺FoxP3⁺<it>bona fide </it>Treg cells were unchanged compared with baseline. Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin (IL)-12p40, but not transforming growth factor-β1 or immune suppressive kynurenines, significantly increased after pegfilgrastim administration. Interestingly, pegfilgrastim fostered <it>in vitro</it> monocytic<it/> secretion of IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 when compared with unconjugated G-CSF. Finally, DC populations differentiated <it>in vitro </it>after clinical provision of pegfilgrastim were phenotypically mature, possessed low endocytic activity, and incited a robust T-cell proliferative response.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Pegfilgrastim induced significant changes in immune cell number and function. The enhancement of monocytic IL-12 secretion portends favorable implications for pegfilgrastim administration to patients with cancer, a clinical context where the induction of immune deviation would be highly undesirable.</p