Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Evaluation of the biotechnological process for xylitol obtainment at different scales from the sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate

A conversão de biomassa vegetal em produtos químicos e energia é essencial a fim de sustentar o nosso modo de vida atual. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, matériaprima disponível em abundância no Brasil, poderá tanto ajudar a suprir a crescente demanda pelo etanol combustível como ser empregado para obtenção de produtos de valor agregado, tais como xilitol, além de trazer vantagens econômicas para o setor sucroalcooleiro. O xilitol, um poliol com poder adoçante semelhante ao da sacarose e com propriedades peculiares, como metabolismo independente de insulina, anticariogenicidade e aplicações na área clínica, no tratamento de osteoporose e de doenças respiratórias, é obtido em escala comercial por catálise química de materiais lignocelulósicos. A produção biotecnológica de xilitol como alternativa ao processo químico vem sendo pesquisada e os resultados revelam que a presença de compostos tóxicos nos hidrolisados hemicelulósicos resultantes do processo de hidrólise ácida contribui para sua baixa fermentabilidade. Isto se deve à inibição do metabolismo microbiano causada principalmente por compostos tais como ácidos orgânicos, fenólicos e íons metálicos. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes fontes de carbono (xilose, glicose e mistura de xilose e glicose) empregadas no preparo do inóculo de Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 sobre a bioconversão de xilose em xilitol a partir de fermentações em frascos Erlenmeyer de hidrolisados hemicelulósicos submetidos a procedimentos de destoxificação. A condição de favorecimento deste bioprocesso foi empregada para a avaliação da ampliação de escala em fermentadores de 2,4L para 16L, utilizando como critério de ampliação o KLa (igual a 15h-1). De acordo com os resultados, os máximos valores dos parâmetros fermentativos como fator de conversão de xilose em xilitol e produtividade em xilitol foram alcançados com a utilização de inóculo obtido em xilose durante fermentação do hidrolisado destoxificado por resinas (YP/S = 0,81 g g-1 e QP = 0,60 g L-1 h-1, respectivamente), embora o emprego de carvão ativado tenha gerado valores de rendimento próximos para as diferentes fontes de carbono (YP/S variando de 0,78 a 0,80 g g-1). Considerando o valor de fator de conversão e que o procedimento de destoxificação com carvão ativado é o de menor custo e de mais fácil manipulação em comparação ao processo com resinas, os experimentos de ampliação de escala da produção de xilitol por C. guilliermondii foram realizados nesta condição de destoxificação e empregando-se xilose como fonte de carbono para o inóculo. Nesta etapa ficou evidente a viabilidade de ampliação de escala de produção de xilitol de fermentador de 2,4L para 16L, já que os valores dos parâmetros fermentativos avaliados foram semelhantes entre os fermentadores (valores médios: YP/S ≈ 0,68 g g-1 e QP ≈ 0,28 g L-1 h-1). No entanto, tais valores foram inferiores aos obtidos em frascos Erlenmeyer, possivelmente devido às condições de disponibilidade de oxigênio diferirem nos fermentadores de bancada, uma vez que o oxigênio é o parâmetro mais crítico neste bioprocesso.The conversion of vegetable biomass into chemicals and energy is essential to sustain our current style of life. Sugarcane bagasse, a raw material abundantly available in Brazil, greatly contributes to the supply of the evergrowing demand for ethanol. Furthermore, biomass can be employed for obtaining value-added products, such as xylitol, as well as bring economical advantages for the sugar-ethanol sector. Xylitol, a polyol with sweetener power similar to that of saccharose and peculiar properties such as insulin-independent metabolism, anticariogenic power, and applications in the clinical area, in the treatment of osteoporosis and respiratory diseases, is obtained on a commercial scale by chemical catalysis of lignocellulosic materials. The biotechnological production of xylitol as an alternative to the chemical process has been researched and the results reveal that the presence of toxic compounds in hemicelllosics hydrolysates resulting from acid hydrolysis process contributes to its low fermentability. Such toxicity could be due to the inhibition of microbial metabolism promoted mainly by compounds such as organic acids, phenols and metallic ions. In the present work, the effect of different carbon sources (xylose, glucose and a mixture of xylose and glucose) used in the inoculum preparation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 for the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion by fermentation of hemicellulosics hydrolysates submitted to detoxification procedures in Erlenmeyer flasks was evaluated. The best condition for this bioprocess was employed to evaluate the scale up from the 2.4L to 16L fermentors, using KLa (equal to 15h-1) as scale-up criteria. According to the results the highest values of fermentative parameters such as xylitol yield and productivity were achieved with the use of inoculum cultivated on xylose during the fermentation of hydrolysate detoxified with resins (YP/S = 0.81 g g-1 and QP = 0.60 g L-1 h-1, respectively), although with the use of charcoal the yield value was similar (YP/S ranging for 0.78 to 0.80 g g-1), regardless of the carbon source employed. Considering the value of xylitol yield and that detoxification with activated charcoal is less expensive and more easily manipulated when compared to detoxification procedure with resins, the experiments for scale up xylitol production by C. guilliermondii were performed in such detoxification condition with xylose as the carbon source for the inoculum. At this stage it was evident the scale up xylitol production from a fermenter of 2.4L to 16L was feasible, since the values of fermentative parameters evaluated were similar to those of the fermentors (medium values YP/S ≈ 0.68 g g-1 e QP ≈ 0.28 g L-1 h-1). However, these values were lower than those obtained in Erlenmeyer flasks, maybe due to conditions of oxygen availability for they differ from those in fermentors, since oxygen is the most critical parameter in this bioprocess

Sugarcane straw as a feedstock for xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037

Abstract Sugarcane straw has become an available lignocellulosic biomass since the progressive introduction of the non-burning harvest in Brazil. Besides keeping this biomass in the field, it can be used as a feedstock in thermochemical or biochemical conversion processes. This makes feasible its incorporation in a biorefinery, whose economic profitability could be supported by integrated production of low-value biofuels and high-value chemicals, e.g., xylitol, which has important industrial and clinical applications. Herein, biotechnological production of xylitol is presented as a possible route for the valorization of sugarcane straw and its incorporation in a biorefinery. Nutritional supplementation of the sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate as a function of initial oxygen availability was studied in batch fermentation of Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. The nutritional supplementation conditions evaluated were: no supplementation; supplementation with (NH4)2SO4, and full supplementation with (NH4)2SO4, rice bran extract and CaCl2·2H2O. Experiments were performed at pH 5.5, 30 °C, 200 rpm, for 48 h in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing either 25 or 50 mL of medium in order to vary initial oxygen availability. Without supplementation, complete consumption of glucose and partial consumption of xylose were observed. In this condition the maximum xylitol yield (0.67 g g-1) was obtained under reduced initial oxygen availability. Nutritional supplementation increased xylose consumption and xylitol production by up to 200% and 240%, respectively. The maximum xylitol volumetric productivity (0.34 g L-1 h-1) was reached at full supplementation and increased initial oxygen availability. The results demonstrated a combined effect of nutritional supplementation and initial oxygen availability on xylitol production from sugarcane straw hemicellulosic hydrolyzate

Obtenção de xilose redutase de Candida guilliermondii parcialmente purificada

The enzymatic bioconversion of xylose into xylitol by xylose reductase (XR) is an alternative for chemical and microbiological processes. The partial purified XR was obtained by using the following three procedures: an agarose column, a membrane reactor or an Amicon Ultra-15 50K Centrifugal Filter device at yields of 40%, 7% and 67%, respectively.A bioconversão enzimática da xilose em xilitol pela xilose redutase (XR) é uma alternativa para as vias química e microbiológica. Avaliouse a purificação parcial da XR, utilizando os três seguintes procedimentos: uma coluna de agarose, um reator com membrana ou tubos de ultracentrifugação Amicon Ultra-15 50K, com rendimento de 40%, 7% ou 67%, respectivamente.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP