Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Mengkudu (Morindra citrifolia Linn) dan Scopoletin secara In-Vitro terhadap Bakteri Tuberkulosis

Penyakit tuberkulosis disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Secara tradisional mengkudu digunakan untuk pengobatan tuberkulosis. Scopoletin merupakan komponen utama dalam mengkudu, oleh karena itu scopoletin sering dijadikan marker dalam studi farmakokinetik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RV) ekstrak daun mengkudu dan scopoletin melalui penentuan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM). Uji aktivitas antibakteri dan penentuan KHM dari ekstrak etanol 50% daun mengkudu dilakukan dengan metode dilusi agar dengan konsentrasi 1,0×10-4 µg/ml – 5,1×10-11 µg/ml. Uji aktivitas menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol 50% daun mengkudu dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan KHM 4,0×10-6 µg/ml. Sedangkan scopoletin dengan konsentrasi yang setara dengan kandungan pada ekstrak tidak menunjukan aktivitas anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosisnya.Kata kunci: Mengkudu, Scopoletin, tuberkulosisTuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Morinda citrifolia Linn has been found to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scopoletin is a major component in Morinda citrifolia Linn, therefore scopoletin often used as markers in studies of pharmacokinetic. This research purpose to determine anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37RV) activity based on the value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) used to ethanolic extracts from Morinda citrifolia Linn leaf and scopoletin. Experiment of anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activities tested by well dillution methods with a dose 1,0×10-4 µg/ml – 5,1×10-11 µg/ml . The results showed that ethanolic extract Morinda citrifolia Linn leaf  were found to be active to Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity with MIC 4×10-6 µg/ml while scopoletin at the same concentration with extract had no anti­- Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity.Keywords:  Noni, scopoletin, tuberculosi

Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Mengkudu (Morindra citrifolia Linn) dan Scopoletin secara In-Vitro terhadap Bakteri Tuberkulosis

Penyakit tuberkulosis disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Secara tradisional mengkudu digunakan untuk pengobatan tuberkulosis. Scopoletin merupakan komponen utama dalam mengkudu, oleh karena itu scopoletin sering dijadikan marker dalam studi farmakokinetik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RV) ekstrak daun mengkudu dan scopoletin melalui penentuan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM). Uji aktivitas antibakteri dan penentuan KHM dari ekstrak etanol 50% daun mengkudu dilakukan dengan metode dilusi agar dengan konsentrasi 1,0×10-4 µg/ml – 5,1×10-11 µg/ml. Uji aktivitas menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol 50% daun mengkudu dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan KHM 4,0×10-6 µg/ml. Sedangkan scopoletin dengan konsentrasi yang setara dengan kandungan pada ekstrak tidak menunjukan aktivitas anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosisnya.Kata kunci: Mengkudu, Scopoletin, tuberkulosisTuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Morinda citrifolia Linn has been found to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scopoletin is a major component in Morinda citrifolia Linn, therefore scopoletin often used as markers in studies of pharmacokinetic. This research purpose to determine anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37RV) activity based on the value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) used to ethanolic extracts from Morinda citrifolia Linn leaf and scopoletin. Experiment of anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activities tested by well dillution methods with a dose 1,0×10-4 µg/ml – 5,1×10-11 µg/ml . The results showed that ethanolic extract Morinda citrifolia Linn leaf  were found to be active to Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity with MIC 4×10-6 µg/ml while scopoletin at the same concentration with extract had no anti­- Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity.Keywords:  Noni, scopoletin, tuberculosi

EFFECTIVITY AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STABILITY OF NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER COENZYME Q10 IN DIFFERENT RATIO of LIPID ALFA CETYL PALMITATE AND ALPHA TOCOPHERYL ACETATE AS CARRIER

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate physical characteristics of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) mixture of alpha tocopheryl acetate, cetyl palmitate, Tween 80 and propylene glycol using high shear homogenization technique on NLC preparation to predict the optimum ratio of alpha tocopheryl acetate-cetyl palmitate to produce good characteristics of NLC loaded coenzyme, higher % EE, good penetration, controlled release, and stable.Methods: Lipid characterizations were conducted by diffraction scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometry. Coenzyme Q10 concentration was measured by spectrophotometer at 275 nm. NLC characteristics based on their morphology was determined using transmission electron microscope, particle size, and its polydispersity index which were measured with Delsa Nanoâ„¢ particle size analyzer. Percentage of coenzyme Q10 entrapped in NLC was determined by dialysis bag method. Coenzyme Q10 release profile was measured using with Franz cell for 12 hrs. The penetration depth of NLC coenzyme Q10 in abdominal skin of Wistar rat was determined with fluorescence microscopy using rhodamine B as marker. NLC physical stability based on minimum of particle size variation, pH and viscosity during 90 days storage.Results: The result showed that formula with ratio of cetyl palmitate-alpha tocopheryl acetate 70:30 (% w/w) produce good characteristics of NLCloaded coenzyme, higher % EE, good penetration, controlled release, and stable in 90 days storage.Conclusion: The coenzyme Q10 NLC system with cetyl palmitate and alpha tocopherol acetate as lipid matrixare characterized by small particle size, low crystallinity, spherical morphology of particle and high coenzyme Q10 entrapment efficiency. Crystal modification led to the formation of a more amorphous thereby increasing the drug entrapmentKeywords: Coenzyme Q10, Nanostructured lipid carrier, Cetyl palmitate, Alpha tocopheryl acetate, High shear homogenization

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN IMPLANTS USING BOVINE HYDROXYAPATITE-CHITOSAN COMPOSITE AND GLUTARALDEHYDE FOR OSTEOMYELITIS

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a controlled release implant of ciprofloxacin using Bovine Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan composite and glutaraldehyde as cross-link agent.Methods: Ciprofloxacin implants were prepared using Bovine Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan composite composition 70:30. This composite was further developed using three different concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1,0%). Implants were formed into pellets with 4.0 mm diameters and weighed 100.0 mg using compression method. Further, the prepared ciprofloxacin implants were characterized for porosity, density, water absorption capacity, swelling ratio, degradation test, compressive strength, compatibility studies (FT-IR), morphology (SEM), X-ray diffraction study, assay, and in vitro drug release.Results: The addition of glutaraldehyde as cross-link agent in ciprofloxacin implants showed controlled release profile of ciprofloxacin over a time period 30 d. This is caused by glutaraldehyde formed compact structure, so the porosity, water absorption capacity, and swelling ratio of the implants decreased. Scanning Electron Microscope photomicrograph revealed low porosity of the implants after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The FTIR study confirmed the formation of covalent imine bonds between Chitosan and glutaraldehyde. However, the addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-link agent caused a decrease in the mechanical strength of the implants. Increased concentration of glutaraldehyde reduced the cristalinity of BHA and Chitosan, which were confirmed by XRD studies. In consequence, the mechanical strength of the implants decreases.Conclusion: The results obtained from this study indicated that glutaraldehyde has the potential effect to retard ciprofloxacin release from Bovine Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan-ciprofloxacin implants for 30 d in the treatment of osteomyelitis.Â

Determination and stability testing method of chlorpheniramine maleate in the presence of tartrazine using HPLC

The single-component CPM tablet mostly used sodium tartrazine as the yellow coloring agent. Sodium tartrazine is soluble in solvents used to extract CPM from tablet and suspected interference CPM determination especially after forced degradation for stability indication testing of CPM tablets. This study aimed to develop a selective, accurate and precise method for determination and stability testing of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in the presence of tartrazine in the tablet. A µBondapak® C18 column (3.9 x 300 mm, 10 µm) with diode array detector was used for separation. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and 0.2% triethylamine (90:10) with a flow rate of 2 mL/minutes. The validated HPLC method was used for CPM determination in tablet samples that had been forced degraded using dry heat at 105oC, UV radiation of 254 nm, hydrolysis with 1N NaOH, 1N HCl and oxidation using 5% H2O2. The HPLC chromatogram showed that CPM split into chlorpheniramine (CP) and maleic acid (MA). Resolution (Rs) among CP and the other analytes especially with the products resulting from the forced degradation by heat, UV radiation, HCl, and H2O2 were good. The CPM hydrolysis using NaOH caused the CP not completely separated from the degradation product due to tailing or overlapping peaks. The proposed HPLC method was valid for the determination of CPM in tablets containing tartrazine. Even though the stability-indicating method was inadequate especially for the result of the CPM hydrolysis process using NaOH.

Validasi metode kromatografi gas-spektrometri massa untuk penetapan kadar residu endosulfan dalam kubis

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a simple method suitable for analysis of trace amounts of endosulfan in cabbage. Cabbage samples were extracted with acetone and endosulfan was partitioned into dichloromethane/n-hexane (1:1, v/v). Final determination was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Recovery studies were performed at 0.02 mg/kg fortification level of each compound (endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfat) and the recoveries obtained ranged 69.67% to 124.02% with coefficient of variation values of 5.56-11.54%. The method showed good linearity over the range assayed 2-6 µg/mL and the detection and quantification limits for endosulfan studied varied, 0.1273 µg/mL to 0.1469 µg/mL and 0.856 µg/mL to 0.4451 µg/mL respectively

VALIDASI PROSES PEMBUATAN DAN PENETRASI PATCH TIPE MATRIKS NATRIUM DIKLOFENAK

The aim of this study was to prove that the penetration test of diclofenac sodium matrix type transdermal patch fulfilled the acceptance criteria of formulation process validation (coefficient of variance (CV) of diclofenac sodium penetration f1ux). Diclofenacsodiummatrix type transdermal patch was prepared by mixing of ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone aspolymer base, polyethylene glycol 400 as plasticizer and mixing of diclofenac sodium as active ingredientto menthol solution as enhancer. The first composition of patch was contained ratio polymer ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone of 7:3 (Formula I) and the second composition of patch was contained ratio polymer ethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone of 6:4 (Formula II). The evaluation included physical characteristics of patch(organoleprics, moisture content, surface homogenity using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), drug content and content uniformity) and penetration test.The penetration of diclofenac sodium through Wistar rat skin membrane was determined by dissolution test, which was carried out using apparatus type 5-paddle overdisk in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (37±0.5'C, 50 rpm). The process validation was carried out for 3 days, with 3 times replication. From the results of penetration tests showed CV of diclofenac sodium penetration f1ux<6% (both of Formula I and Formula II) and one-way ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference of sodium diclofepac patch (p=0,745 for formula I and p=0,315 for formula II) were performed on 3 different days. This study revealed that penetration test of two formulas diclofenac sodium matrix type transdermal patch fulfilled the acceptance criteria of formulation process validatio

Effect of Comparison Surfactant and Cosurfactant in Water/Oil Microemulsion in release of Ovalbumin (Microemulsion Water/Oil with Surfactant (Span 80-Tween 80) : Cosurfactant (Ethanol) =5:1, 6:1, and 7:1)

Topically administering vaccines are currently being developed because of many bacterial and viral pathogens are able to enter the body through the skin1). Topical administraton has the advantage, among others, to avoid the frst-pass effect in the liver metabolism, prevent degradaton in the gastrointestnal tract, as well as easier to use and comfortable for the patent2). Therefore we need a system that is capable of delivering the vaccine to be able to penetrate the skin. Microemulsion is a stable colloidal dispersion system is thermodynamically and consists of phases of oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant which forms a clear soluton with a droplet size of < 200 nm3). This system is an ideal system for use as a drug delivery has advantages because it is thermodynamically stable, ease of manufacturing process, has a low viscosity, and droplet sizes are very small so that it has a greater surface area which facilitates penetraton of the actve compound molecules into the membrane2). As a prototype vaccine protein, ovalbumin used as an actve ingredient. Therefore ovalbumin dissolved in water, it will be made the microemulsion with the type w/o (Water in oil) where ovalbumin will be in the water phase which trapped by the oil phase. With the microemulsion type w/o actve ingredient will be stable. Comparison between the surfactant and cosurfactant compositon will affect the characteristcs of the microemulsion system4). The characteristcs of this system to be a factor of the release of the actve ingredient.The aim of this study was to investgate the effects of comparison surfactant (Span 80-Tween 80): cosurfactant (ethanol) = 5:1, 6:1, and 7:1 in released of ovalbumin from microemulsion water/oil (w/o) system

Preparation and Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Implants Using Bovine Hydroxyapatite-chitosan Composite and Glutaraldehyde for Osteomyelitis

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a controlled release implant of ciprofloxacin using Bovine Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan composite and glutaraldehyde as cross-link agent. Methods: Ciprofloxacin implants were prepared using Bovine Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan composite composition 70:30. This composite was further developed using three different concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1,0%). Implants were formed into pellets with 4.0 mm diameters and weighed 100.0 mg using compression method. Further, the prepared ciprofloxacin implants were characterized for porosity, density, water absorption capacity, swelling ratio, degradation test, compressive strength, compatibility studies (FT-IR), morphology (SEM), X-ray diffraction study, assay, and in vitro drug release. Results: The addition of glutaraldehyde as cross-link agent in ciprofloxacin implants showed controlled release profile of ciprofloxacin over a time period 30 d. This is caused by glutaraldehyde formed compact structure, so the porosity, water absorption capacity, and swelling ratio of the implants decreased. Scanning Electron Microscope photomicrograph revealed low porosity of the implants after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The FTIR study confirmed the formation of covalent imine bonds between Chitosan and glutaraldehyde. However, the addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-link agent caused a decrease in the mechanical strength of the implants. Increased concentration of glutaraldehyde reduced the cristalinity of BHA and Chitosan, which were confirmed by XRD studies. In consequence, the mechanical strength of the implants decreases. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study indicated that glutaraldehyde has the potential effect to retard ciprofloxacin release from Bovine Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan-ciprofloxacin implants for 30 d in the treatment of osteomyelitis

Effectivity and Physicochemical Stability of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Coenzyme Q10 in Different Ratio of Lipid Cetyl Palmitate and Alpha Tocopherylacetate as Carrier

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate physical characteristics of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) mixture of alpha tocopheryl acetate, cetyl palmitate, Tween 80 and propylene glycol using high shear homogenization technique on NLC preparation to predict the optimum ratio of alpha tocopheryl acetate-cetyl palmitate to produce good characteristics of NLC loaded coenzyme, higher % EE, good penetration, controlled release, and stable. Methods: Lipid characterizations were conducted by diffraction scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometry. Coenzyme Q10 concentration was measured by spectrophotometer at 275 nm. NLC characteristics based on their morphology was determined using transmission electron microscope, particle size, and its polydispersity index which were measured with Delsa Nano™ particle size analyzer. Percentage of coenzyme Q10 entrapped in NLC was determined by dialysis bag method. Coenzyme Q10 release profile was measured using with Franz cell for 12 hrs. The penetration depth of NLC coenzyme Q10 in abdominal skin of Wistar rat was determined with fluorescence microscopy using rhodamine B as marker. NLC physical stability based on minimum of particle size variation, pH and viscosity during 90 days storage. Results: The result showed that formula with ratio of cetyl palmitate-alpha tocopheryl acetate 70:30 (% w/w) produce good characteristics of NLC loaded coenzyme, higher % EE, good penetration, controlled release, and stable in 90 days storage.Conclusion: The coenzyme Q10 NLC system with cetyl palmitate and alpha tocopherol acetate as lipid matrixare characterized by small particle size, low crystallinity, spherical morphology of particle and high coenzyme Q10 entrapment efficiency. Crystal modification led to the formation of a more amorphous thereby increasing the drug entrapmen