Сучасний стан систематики грибів підвідділу Pucciniomycotina

Статья представляет собой обзор современных работ по систематике подотдела Pucciniomycotina. В соответствии с современными взглядами он включает 8 классов: Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Myxiomycetes и Pucciniomycetes. Наибольшим разнообразием среди них выделяется класс Pucciniomycetes – около 8000 видов.Recent publications on systematics of the subdivision Pucciniomycotina are surveyed. According to modern opinions, this subdivision comprises 8 classes: Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Cla ssiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Myxiomy cetes and Pucciniomycetes. The most diverse of them is Pucciniomycetes – about 8000 species

Сучасний стан систематики грибів підвідділу Pucciniomycotina

Статья представляет собой обзор современных работ по систематике подотдела Pucciniomycotina. В соответствии с современными взглядами он включает 8 классов: Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Myxiomycetes и Pucciniomycetes. Наибольшим разнообразием среди них выделяется класс Pucciniomycetes – около 8000 видов.Recent publications on systematics of the subdivision Pucciniomycotina are surveyed. According to modern opinions, this subdivision comprises 8 classes: Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Cla ssiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Myxiomy cetes and Pucciniomycetes. The most diverse of them is Pucciniomycetes – about 8000 species

The fungus Ustilago maydis, from the aztec cuisine to the research laboratory

Ustilago maydis is a plant pathogen fungus responsible for corn smut. It has a complex life cycle. In its saprophitic stage, it grows as haploid yeast cells, while in the invasive stage it grows as a mycelium formed by diploid cells. Thus, a correlation exists between genetic ploidy, pathogenicity and morphogenesis. Dimorphism can be modulated in vitro by changing environmental parameters such as pH. Studies with auxotrophic mutants have shown that polyamines play a central role in regulating dimorphism. Molecular biology approaches are being employed for the analysis of fundamental aspects of the biology of this fungus, such as mating type regulation, dimorphism or cell wall biogenesis

Genome Sequencing of the Plant Pathogen Taphrina deformans, the Causal Agent of Peach Leaf Curl

Taphrina deformans is a fungus responsible for peach leaf curl, an important plant disease. It is phylogenetically assigned to the Taphrinomycotina subphylum, which includes the fission yeast and the mammalian pathogens of the genus Pneumocystis. We describe here the genome of T. deformans in the light of its dual plant-saprophytic/plant-parasitic lifestyle. The 13.3-Mb genome contains few identifiable repeated elements (ca. 1.5%) and a relatively high GC content (49.5%). A total of 5,735 protein-coding genes were identified, among which 83% share similarities with other fungi. Adaptation to the plant host seems reflected in the genome, since the genome carries genes involved in plant cell wall degradation (e.g., cellulases and cutinases), secondary metabolism, the hallmark glyoxylate cycle, detoxification, and sterol biosynthesis, as well as genes involved in the biosynthesis of plant hormones. Genes involved in lipid metabolism may play a role in its virulence. Several locus candidates for putative MAT cassettes and sex-related genes akin to those of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were identified. A mating-type-switching mechanism similar to that found in ascomycetous yeasts could be in effect. Taken together, the findings are consistent with the alternate saprophytic and parasitic-pathogenic lifestyles of T. deformans.Peer reviewe

Mitochondrial evolution in the fission yeasts

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Dekkera bruxellensis, a non-conventional ethanol production yeast

Dekkera bruxellensis has been shown to outcompete an initial inoculum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in several ethanol production plants, which nevertheless had a high efficiency in one of the monitored processes. Co-occurrence of D. bruxellensis with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus vini has been observed. The aim of this thesis was to broaden the knowledge on D. bruxellensis physiology in respect to its high competitiveness. Global gene expression analysis of D. bruxellensis under conditions similar to those in which it outcompeted S. cerevisiae was performed by whole transcriptome sequencing. Low expression of genes involved in glycerol biosynthesis, and expression of NADH-ubiquinone reductase (complex I) are probably the basis for an efficient energy metabolism. Genes of putative high affinity glucose transporters might be involved in the efficient glucose transport of D. bruxellensis. D. bruxellensis also has a good potential to ferment lignocellulose hydrolysate to ethanol. Adaptation to lignocellulose hydrolysate inhibitors by pre-cultivation was demonstrated. Adapted cells had a shorter lag phase and produced higher amounts of ethanol compared to non-adapted cells. The role of L. vini during co-cultivation with D. bruxellensis or S. cerevisiae was also investigated. Formation of LAB–yeast cell aggregates consisting of a bacterial core with an outer layer of yeast cells was identified. It was noted that addition of mannose to the aggregates dissolved them, but higher mannose amounts were required to inhibit co-flocculation between L. vini and S. cerevisiae compared to L. vini and D. bruxellensis. Growth and metabolite profiles of D. bruxellensis during cultivation on different combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources were studied. Repression of genes involved in nitrate assimilation in D. bruxellensis under oxygen-limited conditions in presence of ammonium was shown. In conclusion, D. bruxellensis has a great potential for industrial ethanol production due to a highly efficient energy metabolism, adaptability to lignocellulose hydrolysate, utilisation of an alternative nitrogen source and robustness against bacterial contaminants

The impact of yeast genetics and recombinant DNA technology on the wine industry - a review

CITATION: Pretorius, L. S. & Van der Westhuizen, T. J. 1991. The impact of yeast genetics and recombinant DNA technology on the wine industry - a review. South African Journal of Enology & Viticulture, 12(1):3-31, doi:10.21548/12-1-2220.The original publication is available at http://www.journals.ac.za/index.php/sajevDespite our limited knowledge of the genetic make-up of commercial wine yeasts and the fact thatthe advantages of genetic manipulation of wine yeasts have not yet been demonstrated in practice, the wine industry has to realise that "the name of the game" is recombinant DNA and that the pace of progress is fast. The technology is so powerful that it now enables manipulation of the genome in ways hard to imagine only a decade ago. In this review we highlight the importance of the wine yeast to the wine industry and the necessity for well-planned breeding programmes. First, we summarise reliable taxonomic methods that are useful as diagnostic techniques in such breeding strategies. Second, we emphasise the complexity of the genetic features of commercial wine-yeast strains. Third, we review the genetic techniques available and point out the potential of these techniques (individually and in combination) in strain-development programmes. Finally, we attempt to stimulate interest in the genetic engineering of wine yeasts by discussing a few potential targets of strain development. The impact of yeast genetics and recombinant DNA technology on the wine industry promises to be impressive.http://www.journals.ac.za/index.php/sajev/article/view/2220Publisher's versio

Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae provide insights into the biology of a fascinating fungal phytopathogen.

This study made use of the Silene latifolia/Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae phytopathogen system as the focal system to establish the first reference genome for Microbotryum violaceum sensu lato. In silico analysis was performed on the genome assembly to identify various characteristics of the genome. Using RNA-Sequencing technologies on the Illumina platform, we collected transcriptomic data for both in vitro and in planta life stages of the fungus, providing the most comprehensive look at the gene expression and regulation of this fungus. Due to a lack of identifiable domains on the predicted genes, gene set enrichment analysis was done in context, by including gene sets like “secreted proteins”, “small secreted proteins” and “unique proteins”, to aid discovery of the features in the different datasets. To further research into Microbotryum species in general, we developed, for the first time, a robust and repeatable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we were able to select native promoters that drive transcription in specific conditions, making it a highly versatile and controllable system