Clinical significance of Kriyakala in Ayurveda

Ayurveda is an ancient bunch of knowledge which aims at maintaining the health of a healthy individual and curing the diseased one. This is brought by equalizing Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. The term Kriyakala refers to the recognition of the stage of a disease's progress, which helps to determine appropriate measure to correct the imbalance in Doshas (biological factors). It is a compound expression, comprised of Kriya and Kala, where Kriya means the choice to treatment (medicine, food and daily-routine) used to improve the disturbance in Doshas, and Kala refers to the stage of progress of a disease. The six stages mentioned by Acharya Sushruta gives an idea regarding the state of the disease in the body and it guides us when to intervene. Early diagnosis of diseases helps to cure the diseases successfully without much discomfort in planning treatment. The primary objective of this study is to describe the importance of Kriyakala in prognosis and diagnosis of the disease. The concept is traced through classical texts. Kriyakala gives us the knowledge of diagnosis, prognosis and the level of intervention and so that to prevent the establishment of a disease

A Wide Multiband T-Slotted, Semicircular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

A multifrequency semicircularmicrostrip antenna is designed and simulated in this paper using HFSS simulation software. The proposed antenna consists of two quarter rings in different radius with one as perfect ground and other as defect ground structure, with an inverted T-shaped slot. The relationship of the resonant frequency with different physical size parameters for the single one-quarter-ring microstrip antenna is also reported. This designed multiresonant antenna proves increase in bandwidth when defect ground is used as compared to normal or conventional ground plane. The simulation show that proposed designed antenna operates at six different frequencies of 1.7, 1.93, 2.3, 3.03, 3.57 and 3.67 GHz, respectively for normal ground whereas wide bandwidth of 500 MHz is achieved for 1.9 GHz operating frequency

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF ERGOTAMINE TARTARATE

Objective: The main objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the fast dissolving tablets of ergotamine tartarate with synthetic superdisintegrants. Methods: Various formulations were prepared by direct compression method using different concentrations of crospovidone (12.5%-62.5%) and croscarmallose sodium (12.5%-62.5%) as superdisintegrants. Formulations were evaluated for precompressional parameters and postcompressional parameters like uniformity of weight, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, the water absorption ratio, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro dissolution study. Results: Results revealed that among the 10 formulations, the formulation F5 containing 62.5% of crospovidone and formulation F10 containing 62.5% of croscarmallose sodium was found to be promising formulations. F5 shown disintegration time of 12 seconds and the drug release was up to 96% in 30 minutes and F10 shown disintegration time of 18 seconds and the drug release was up to 89% in 30 minutes. Conclusion: From the result obtained, it can be concluded that formulation of fast dissolving tablet using crospovidone as a superdisintegrant showed improved disintegration and solubility and hence better patient complianc

Ayurveda View on Disease Progression w.s.r. to Concept of Shatkriyakala: A Review

Ayurveda aims to keep healthy people healthy and helps in the treatment of sick people's diseases. Ayurveda recommended a variety of treatments for balancing Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Ayurveda portrayed various modalities of sickness determination and Kriyakala is one such methodology which assists or determines different phases of disease progression. The Kriyakala idea encourages specific treatment based on the stage of disease progression. The suitable measures can be taken to address the equilibriums of Doshas based on the specific phases of illness. Ayurveda looked into the idea of Shatkriyakala as a "six stages of disease progression" that can be used to evaluate the disease's pathogenesis in different stages. These six stages are Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthanasamshraya, Vyaktavastha and Bhedavastha. This article discussed six phases of Shatkriyakala, its significance in disease determination and their treatment

Single Atom Dynamics in Chemical Reactions

Many heterogeneous chemical reactions involve gases catalyzed over solid surfaces at elevated temperatures and play a critical role in the production of energy, healthcare, pollution control, industrial products, and food. These catalytic reactions take place at the atomic level, with active structures forming under reaction conditions. A fundamental understanding of catalysis at the single atom resolution is therefore a major advance in a rational framework upon which future catalytic processes can be built. Visualization and analysis of gas-catalyst chemical reactions at the atomic level under controlled reaction conditions are key to understanding the catalyst structural evolution and atomic scale reaction mechanisms crucial to the performance and the development of improved catalysts and chemical processes. Increasingly, dynamic single atoms and atom clusters are believed to lead to enhanced catalyst performance, but despite considerable efforts, reaction mechanisms at the single atom level under reaction conditions of gas and temperature are not well understood. The development of the atomic lattice resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) by the authors is widely used to visualize gas–solid catalyst reactions at this atomic level. It has recently been advanced to the environmental scanning TEM (ESTEM) with single atom resolution and full analytical capabilities. The ESTEM employs high-angle annular dark-field imaging where intensity is approximately proportional to the square of the atomic number (Z). In this Account, we highlight the ESTEM development also introduced by the authors for real time in situ studies to reliably discern metal atoms on lighter supports in gas and high temperature environments, evolving oxide/metal interfaces, and atomic level reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysts more generally and informatively, with utilizing the wider body of literature. The highlights include platinum/carbon systems of interest in fuel cells to meet energy demands and reduce environmental pollution, in reduction/oxidation (redox) mechanisms of copper and nickel nanoparticles extensively employed in catalysis, electronics, and sensors, and in the activation of supported cobalt catalysts in Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis to produce fuels. By following the dynamic reduction process at operating temperature, we investigate Pt atom migrations from irregular nanoparticles in a carbon supported platinum catalyst and the resulting faceting. We outline the factors that govern the mechanism involved, with the discovery of single atom interactions which indicate that a primary role of the nanoparticles is to act as reservoirs of low coordination atoms and clusters. This has important implications in supported nanoparticle catalysis and nanoparticle science. In copper and nickel systems, we track the oxidation front at the atomic level as it proceeds across a nanoparticle, by directly monitoring Z-contrast changes with time and temperature. Regeneration of deactivated catalysts is key to prolong catalyst life. We discuss and review analyses of dynamic redox cycles for the redispersion of nickel nanoparticles with single atom resolution. In the FT process, pretreatment of practical cobalt/silica catalysts reveals higher low-coordination Co0 active sites for CO adsorption. Collectively, the ESTEM findings generate structural insights into catalyst dynamics important in the development of efficient catalysts and processes

Predicting tyrosinaemia: a mathematical model of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibition by nitisinone in rats

Nitisinone or 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione, is a reversible inhibitor of 4- hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), an enzyme important in tyrosine catabolism. Today, nitisinone is successfully used to treat Hereditary Tyrosinaemia type 1, although its original expected role was as a herbicide. In laboratory animals, treatment with nitisinone leads to the elevation of plasma tyrosine (tyrosinaemia). In rats and Beagle dogs, repeat low-dose exposure to nitisinone leads to corneal opacities whilst similar studies in the mouse and Rhesus monkey showed no comparable toxicities or other treatment related findings. The differences in toxicological sensitivities have been related to the upper limit of the concentration of tyrosine that accumulates in plasma, which is driven by the amount/activity of tyrosine aminotransferase. A physiologically based, pharmacodynamics ordinary differential equation model of HPPD inhibition to bolus exposure of nitisinone in vivo is presented. Going beyond traditional approaches, asymptotic analysis is used to separate the different timescales of events involved in HPPD inhibition and tyrosinaemia. This analysis elucidates, in terms of the model parameters, a critical inhibitor concentration (at which tyrosine concentration starts to rise) and highlights the contribution of in vitro measured parameters to events in an in vivo system. Furthermore, using parameter-fitting methods, a systematically derived reduced model is shown to fit well to rat data, making explicit how the parameters are informed by such data. This model in combination with in vitro descriptors has potential as a surrogate for animal experimentation to predict tyrosinaemia, and further development can extend its application to other related medical scenarios

High-sensitivity in situ capture of endogenous RNA-protein interactions in fixed cells and primary tissues

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have pivotal functions in RNA metabolism, but current methods are limited in retrieving RBP-RNA interactions within endogenous biological contexts. Here, we develop INSCRIBE (IN situ Sensitive Capture of RNA-protein Interactions in Biological Environments), circumventing the challenges through in situ RNA labeling by precisely directing a purified APOBEC1-nanobody fusion to the RBP of interest. This method enables highly specific RNA-binding site identification across a diverse range of fixed biological samples such as HEK293T cells and mouse brain tissue and accurately identifies the canonical binding motifs of RBFOX2 (UGCAUG) and TDP-43 (UGUGUG) in native cellular environments. Applicable to any RBP with available primary antibodies, INSCRIBE enables sensitive capture of RBP-RNA interactions from ultra-low input equivalent to ~5 cells. The robust, versatile, and sensitive INSCRIBE workflow is particularly beneficial for precious tissues such as clinical samples, empowering the exploration of genuine RBP-RNA interactions in RNA-related disease contexts