Dynamic behavior of unsaturated soils

The behavior of unsaturated soils is different from the behavior of saturated soil deposits. Unsaturated soils have more than two phases; the pore water pressure in unsaturated soils is negative. The behavior of unsaturated soil when a dynamic loading such as an earthquake loading is imposed on them, the susceptibility of lab tested soils to liquefaction is investigated in this study. As the phenomenon of liquefaction occurs only in the case of saturated soil deposits, the behavior of unsaturated soil under these conditions is investigated. Sand and silty sand are used in this study, wetting and drying soil water characteristic curves are plotted from the data obtained using Buchner funnel setup, samples are tested at several drying cycles. It is observed that the drier the soil the more resistant it is to liquefaction, which is in agreement that saturated soil deposits are prone to liquefaction while unsaturated soil deposits may settle. Shear wave velocity parameter obtained from the bender element test setup is used to assess the liquefaction potential of soil deposits. It is observed that with increase in water content shear wave velocity and stiffness decrease. Ground response analysis is performed using Edushake package, and several plots of ground motion, object motion, shear stress, shear strain etc.., are plotted by using the properties of the soil tested in the laboratory and simulating an input motion. Yerba earthquake is chosen for simulation in this study as it involved damage to unsaturated soils during the motion. It is found that considering the peak acceleration, velocity and displacement the combination of sand and silty sand has higher frequency when subjected to same input motion than the problem with sand deposits which is in agreement that when sand deposits have seams of silt their susceptibility to liquefaction increase

Nanoencapsulated Copper Pthalocyanine as Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

The growing resistance developed by microbes towards antimicrobial agents has driven our focus on developing alternative treatment modalities such as Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). It would be difficult for the microbes to develop resistance towards singlet oxygen generated during the PACT process. Photosensitizers are the vehicles of the transfer and translation of light energy into a type II chemical reaction (singlet oxygen generation) in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. PACT is proposed as a potential, low cost approach to treatment of locally occurring infection. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus has been studied in cultures treated with photoactivated copper pthalocyanine. Phototoxic Copper pthalocyanine, a structural analog of porphyrin, is tested for its antibacterial activity using visible light. In the presence of the visible light, the generally nontoxic copper pthalocyanine is photoactivated, causing cell death. The main limitation of this technique would be the uptake kinetics of photosensitizers in to the microorganism. Nanoencapsulated photosensitizer drug carrier system is believed to penetrate the polymicrobial species with in the biofilms. The generation of the singlet oxygen had been confirmed using the singlet oxygen sensor green studies

Importance of Vata in Garbha Utpatti

Vata is described as a beholder of Yantra and Tantra. Yantra is whole body and Tantra is controlling of whole body organization. Vata has major role to play right from the time of conception to till one’s last breath. Vata also programs the fetal growth (Kruta Garbhakruthinam). So Vata along with many other components plays a major role in Garbha Angavayava Utpatti. The aggravation of Vata during pregnancy causes abnormalities in the fetus. By proper management of Vata during pregnancy results in healthy progeny, so there is a need to know the role of Vata in Garbha Utpatti

Impact of water harvesting on groundwater recharge, productivity and net returns with integrated farming systems approach in eastern dry zone of Karnataka

The paper evaluates the performance of water harvesting structures by looking at the case of the Sujala watershed in Karnataka. The water harvesting structures have facilitated the rejuvenation of failed wells and enhanced the water yield. About 75% of the failed bore wells were rejuvenated as against 66% in the non- watershed. The yield of bore wells were increased by 21% in the watershed where as in non-watershed area the water yield has reduced by 11%. Investment analysis of water harvesting structures indicated that for every rupee of present investment on water harvesting structure there is a return of Rs. 2.79 in farm pond and Rs. 2.19 in recharge pits. Further, productivity of crops has enhanced through protective irrigation given at critical stages of crop growth and moisture conservation, which in turn increased the net returns of the farmer.Length: pp.764-774Water harvestingGroundwater rechargeWatershedsDevelopment projectsCostsFarming systemsArid zonesWellsIrrigation waterCase studies

Impact of variable transmission range in all-wireless networks

In this thesis, we propose three distributed algorithms for self-adjusting the transmission range of nodes in wireless network. The objective is to vary the transmission radii of selective sensor nodes to lower the energy spent in broadcasting or the diameter. The sensor nodes start arbitrarily with different transmission ranges. The nodes positions are fixed, and can adjust the transmission power. However, increasing the transmission power to reach more nodes may consume more energy. So, the goal is to reduce the transmission power (i.e., save energy) without reducing the reachability (in terms of the number of nodes); We propose two algorithms that increase the transmission range of nodes. Increasing the transmission range of selective nodes will lower the diameter but increase the total energy. The proposed algorithm computes the ratio of the increase in transmission range to the increase in number of nodes of every sensor node. The node with the smallest ratio will be selected to increase its transmission range; The third algorithm decreases the transmission range of the nodes. Decreasing the transmission range will lower the total energy but increase the diameter of the network. Ratio of decrease in the transmission range to the decrease in the number of nodes is calculated for every node, and the node with the highest ratio is selected to decrease its transmission range; A larger diameter implies a higher chance of interference between the neighboring nodes. When two nodes are in not in the communication range of each other, there is a probability that both the nodes send the packets to each other at the same time using the same channel. The nodes will not be able to decide by themselves, hence a collision will occur. This is known as hidden terminal problem. A lower diameter implies a higher chance of message duplication. Same message will be received twice; All three algorithms will be simulated and compared based on the experimental results

Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Tree Toppings (Needled) Using DESs

Contemporary industrial development and swift urbanization require environmentally sustainable energy sources. Ethanol made from biomass provides unique environmental and economic strategic benefits and can be considered a safe and clean liquid fuel alternative to fossil fuels. Ethanol’s significant advantages, such as low cost, biodegradability, and abundance, make the application of biomass for production of biorenewable energy favorable. However, biomass must be subjected to pretreatment processes to liberate the components needed for effective enzymatic hydrolysis that converts cellulose to sugars prior to fermentation to create biofuel. Production of valueadded co-products besides biofuels, through coordinated bio refinery processes, requires selectivity during pretreatment. The current work concentrates on biomass pretreatment technologies with an emphasis on lignin dissolution using deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES are new ‘green\u27 solvents that have a high potential in biomass processing because of their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability and easy recycling. The present work focuses on the preparation of three types of DES, pretreatment of abundantly available Loblolly pine needles, dissolution of lignin from the biomass and measurement of the mass yield of pine needles treated with different types of DES. The pretreated and raw biomass underwent FTIR analysis, fiber analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis to compare the pretreatment index of different DES on pine needles and also to investigate one of the applications of lignin as a natural dyeing component

Yoni Roga Nidana - A Review

Female counts half of the total population. Health care for females vary widely according their age. The need to care the people who take care of others becomes the responsibility of every individual. Maintaining the health of female is equal to maintaining the health of the family. Most of the gynaecological disorders are covered under the heading of Yoni Vyapadh. Yoni is a broad term which considers uterus, cervix and vagina as it. When the needed care is not given to maintain female's physical and mental health, they result in various conditions of Yoni Vyapadh. This raises the issue to analyse the various reasons results in the Yoni Vyapadh