Tempeh Antioxidant Activity using DPPH Method: Effects of Fermentation, Processing, and Microorganisms

Tempeh is the main type of traditional Indonesian food that is processed from soybeans fermented by Rhizopus microsporus. This study aims to measure the antioxidant activity of some kind tempeh using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Measurement of antioxidant activity toward tempeh took directly from the producer, tempeh produced on a laboratory scale using Rhizopus spp., Bacillus spp., and Klebsiella sp. K110, tempeh fried and steamed, and tempeh during the fermentation stage. The results showed that the fermentation process soybeans into soybean increase antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of tempeh from producers varies between approximately 52-70%. It is because of tempeh fermented at uncontrol conditions so that the microorganisms involved in the fermentation time is also uncontrol. Potential microorganisms vary in determining antioxidant activity. In the group of Rhizopus spp. (ATH 35, ATH 24, ATH 53), it showed that the highest antioxidant activity was found in ATH 35 (84%). In the group of Bacillus spp. the highest antioxidant activity produced by B. megaterium (76%) and higher than the Klebsiella sp. K110 (75%). Thus, the fermented soybeans into tempeh increase antioxidant activity. The existence of the antioxidant activity of tempeh was affected by strains of microorganisms involved during fermentation and processing time that will be consumed

Identifikasi Bakteri yang Berperan dalam Pengasaman Kedelai dalam Fermentasi Tempe Berdasarkan Sekuen 16S rDNA

Proses fermentasi dalam pembuatan tempe di Indonesia terdiri atas dua tahap. Tahap pertama berupa perendaman kedelai untuk pengasaman kedelai yang penting bagi pertumbuhan kapang. Dalam tahapan ini jenis mikroba yang berperan adalah kelompok bakteri. Namun informasi tentang jenis bakteri tersebut masih terbatas. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis jenis bakteri yang berperan dalam proses pengasaman kedelai saat fermentasi tempe. Isolasi bakteri dilakukan dari tempe yang diambil langsung dari pengrajin tempe di Jakarta. Bakteri ditumbuhkan pada media Plate Count Agar, de Man Rogosa and Sharpe Agar, MacConkey Agar dan Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Selanjutnya diuji perannya dalam pengasaman kedelai dengan pengukuran pH air rendaman kedelai dan selanjutnya bakteri tersebut diidentifikasi. Ditemukan isolat P211, P3a, Mc4b, B1p, dan Man2b berperan dalam pengasaman dengan menurunkan pH air rendaman kedelai dari 7 menjadi sekitar 4,7 hingga 5,8. Identifikasi berdasarkan sekuen 16S rDNA lima bakteri tersebut masing masing adalah Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter ludwigii, Enterobacter sp., Lactobacillus agilis, dan Pantoea sp.  dengan kemiripan 98-100%. Selanjutnya, perlu diteliti tentang perannya dalam menentukan kualitas tempe

Identification of Hygiene and Sanitation Knowledge of Pidada Dodol Maker Community in Muara Gembong Bekasi Area

Pidada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a type of fruit from mangrove plants that are used as processed food ingredients into pidada dodol by the coastal community in Muaragembong. The purpose of this community service was to observe the hygiene and sanitation of pidada dodol processing by the people of Biyambong Neighborhood, Mekar Village, Muaragembong Sub-district, Bekasi Regency. Processing pidada dodol is still done traditionally, so it is very important for the community to be aware of the hygiene and sanitation in producing good quality dodol. The expected benefit of this community service activity was to help pidada dodol producers pay attention to the hygiene and safety aspects when making pidada dodol. The results of this community service indicated that the community served understood the importance of hygiene and sanitation during the processing of dodol pidada. Through counseling and the questionnaire on hygiene and sanitation aspects of dodol processing, it is expected that the dodol makers on the coastal of Muaragembong would be more aware of the hygiene and sanitation so that their products become safer and healthier

LIGNAN DERIVATIVES POTENTIAL AS PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITORS: MOLECULAR DOCKING APPROACH OF ANTIPLASMODIAL DRUG DESIGN

Objectives: To investigate the lignan derivatives potential as Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase (PfLDH) inhibitors by using Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) and molecular docking approach.Methods: In finding potential antiplasmodial, in silico approach has been utilized. Protein structure of PfLDH has been built through homology modeling. Kobamin has been used to refine the 3D PfLDH structure. Structure validation of PfLDH was done by Ramachandran Plot and ERRAT calculations. The validated PfLDH was ready for molecular docking analysis. lignan derivatives as lead compounds were designed. The pharmacophore of lignan derivatives were assessed by using Molsoft drug likeness. Both protein and Lignan derivatives were docked with Autodock Vina. The best docking score was shown by the lowest affinity energy.Results: Homology modeling of PfLDH has been built. Moreover, PfLDH refinement and validation were importantly conducted to ensure that PfLDH structure was in good quality. According to Ramachandran Plot and Procheck analysis, PfLDH has good structure quality with 93.39% confidence value. On the other hand, lignan derivatives assessment also has been done by evaluating their physicochemical and pharmacophore properties as lead compounds. From this assessment, it showed that Aristoligol (ARG1), Aristoligone (ARG2), and Ester Asetil Aristoligol (ARG3) showed good compounds to be drug likeness by following Lipinski's rule of five (RO5), while Ester Butiril Aristoligol (ARG4) showed poor RO5 criteria. Bioavailability of four compounds was good in body metabolism, however, ARG3 and ARG4 could not be lead like compounds due to poor lead likeness value. From molecular docking result, the most favorable binding with PfLDH was ARG4 based on its affinity energy value (-8.0 kj/mol), followed by ARG3, ARG2 and ARG1, respectively.Conclusions: The identification of potential anti plasmodial drugs was successfully accomplished by evaluating synthetic lignan derivatives compound through physicochemical properties and molecular docking analysis. Overall, physicochemical and pharmacophore properties showed good result. Molecular docking interaction has distinct mode interactions of lignan derivatives with PfLDH. We believe that these evaluated compounds could be used as anti plasmodial drugs according to in silico evaluation results.Â

KARAKTERISTIK DAYA APUNG DAN DAYA TAHAN PELET DARI LIMBAH BIOFLOK AKUAPONIK

Sistem akuaponik menggabungkan sistem akuakultur dan hidroponik dalam suatu sistem tertutup yang mengarah pada zero waste. Untuk menunjang proses sirkulasi nutrien digunakan sistem flok dimana sisa pakan diolah oleh konsorsium mikroorganisme menjadi bioflok yang dapat digunakan ikan sebagai pakan tambahan dan sisanya dialirkan ke tanaman. Namun produksi bioflok umumnya berlebih. Sisa bioflok tersebut potensial digunakan untuk bahan dasar biopelet dengan menggunakan perekat yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memanfaatkan sisa bioflok sebagai bahan dasar biopelet dengan menggunakan perekat yang tepat pada kadar air yang sesuai. Produksi biopelet diujicoba dengan menggunakan berbagai metode dan berbagai perekat, yakni tepung kanji, tepung terigu, gelatin, alginat, dedak, dan tepung tapioka. Rancangan faktorial digunakan untuk menguji perlakuan jenis perekat, komposisi bioflok/perekat, dan kadar air. Kualitas biopelet diuji melalui daya apung dan daya tahan. Sisa bioflok berhasil digunakan sebagai bahan dasar untuk pembuatan biopelet. Tepung tapioka dan dedak merupakan perekat terbaik dengan penggunaan mesin penggiling yang dimodifikasi dengan pisau baling-baling di bagian depannya agar mempermudah proses pemotongan. Untuk daya apung, komposisi antara bioflok/perekat 5:5 pada kadar air 13% menunjukkan hasil tertinggi, baik dengan menggunakan tepung tapioka maupun dedak. Untuk daya tahan, nilai tertinggi juga dihasilkan oleh komposisi bioflok/perekat 5:5, dengan syarat menggunakan perekat tepung tapioka dan kadar air 16%.Aquaponics combines aquaculture and hydroponic systems in a closed system leading to zero waste. To accelerate the nutrient cycling process, floc system is generally used where the remaining feed is processed by a consortium of microorganisms into biofloc which can be used by fish as additional feed and the rest is circulated to plants as nutrient. However, biofloc production is generally excessive. The remaining biofloc has the potential to be used as a base for biopellets. The aim of the study was to utilize biofloc as a base material for biopellets by using the right adhesive at the appropriate moisture content. Biopellet production was tested using various methods and adhesives. The factorial design was applied to test adhesive type, biofloc/adhesive composition, and moisture content treatments. Biopellet quality was tested through buoyancy and durability. Biofloc was successfully used as a basic material for biopellets production. Tapioca flour and bran were the best adhesives by using a modified grinding machine with a propeller blade to make the cutting process easier. For buoyancy, the composition of biofloc/adhesive of 5:5 at 13% water content showed the highest yield, using either tapioca flour or bran. For durability, the highest value was also obtained by the biofloc/adhesive composition of 5:5, for tapioca flour adhesive at a moisture content of 16%

Structure-Based Design and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Pentapeptide AEYTR as a Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

Structure-based virtual screening protocol to identify potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors was retrospectively validated. The protocol could be employed to examine the potential of designed compounds as novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. In a research project designing short peptides as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, peptide AEYTR emerged as one of the potential inhibitors. This article presents the design of AEYTR assisted by the validated protocol and guided by literature reviews followed by molecular dynamics studies to examine the interactions of the pentapeptide in the binding pocket of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The molecular dynamics simulations were performed using YASARA Structure in Google Cloud Platform. The peptide AEYTR was identified in silico as a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with the average free energy of binding (DG) of -19.138 kcal/mol

Molecular mechanism of DLBS3233 bioactive fraction in type-2 diabetes mellitus: network pharmacology and docking study

Although several antidiabetic agents are currently available, they commonly have undesirable effects and are not fully effective in reducing blood glucose. Therefore, since a long time ago, some Indonesians have preferred herbal medicine to cure and prevent diseases such as Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. and Cinnamomum burmanni. (Nees & T.Nees) Blume, plants from Indonesia, are believed to be able to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both herbs are present in DLBS3233 bioactive fraction, a standardized herbal extract that acts as an insulin sensitizer like thiazolidinediones (TZDs). However, the molecular mechanisms, the bioactive compounds, and the target proteins involved remain unclear. To understand more about the potential molecular mechanism of DLBS3233 in treating T2DM, this network pharmacology study is conducted for the first time. Quercetin, kaempferol, and ellagic acid were discovered to have antidiabetic effects in this study as selected compounds of DLBS3233, p rimarily o n e ight c ore target proteins, including AKT1, EGFR, GSK3B, IL6, PTK2, RELA, SRC, and VEGFA. We also found that they exhibited ligand-receptor binding activity comparable to pioglitazone in the molecular docking study. Concisely, as a reference for furthering the development of this bioactive fraction, this study provides novel information on DLBS3233 in T2DM treatment that was not shown in prior studies

Biochemical Analysis of Banana Plants in Interaction between Endophytic Bacteria Kocuria rhizophila and the Fungal Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race (Foc TR4)

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), is one of the most severe banana diseases in the world. In this study, banana plants treated with endophytic bacteria Kocuria rhizophila showed increased PO enzyme activity, reaching the highest activity 72 h after inoculation in the shoots (0.1640 ± 0.0335 μmol/min) and 24 h after inoculation in the roots (0.0129 ± 0.0024 μmol/min). PPO enzyme activity increased significantly 24 h after inoculation in roots (0.0131 ± 0.0026 μmol/min) and 6 h after inoculation in shoots (0.0201 ± 0.0065 μmol/min). PAL enzyme activity on roots (1.776 μmol/min) and shoots (1.2170 μmol/min) inoculated with endophytic bacteria showed the highest value at 24 h. The highest total phenolic content in shoots treated with endophytic bacteria was at 72 h in roots (41.15384 mg GAE/g samples) and shoots (39.6102 mg GAE/g samples)

Structural Stability of ADTC5 Peptide: Conformational Insights into Dynamics and Its Binding Mode

The cyclic structure of ADTC5 (Ac-CDTPPVC-NH2) peptide is known has ability to modulate homo dimer E-cadherin interactions to form adherens junction at the intercellular junction.  The ability to inhibit E-cadherin interaction has become important to increase paracellular porosity in delivering drug molecules to the target cell. There are two types of ADTC5 state: opened-cyclic state (OCS) and closed-cyclic state (CCS). OCS of ADTC5 is affected by distance constraint and CCS is formed by disulfide bond from terminal cysteines through force restraint. The aim of this research is to investigate the inhibition activity of ADTC5 peptide upon E-cadherin. Here we used molecular docking and molecular dynamics approaches. The structure of ADTC5 peptide was generated by PyMOL program. GROMACS v4.5.5 was utilized to simulate molecular dynamics. The optimized ADTC5 molecule was placed in aqueous or polar condition at physiological pH. Furthermore, ADTC5 was docked with EC1-EC2 coupled domain of E-cadherin using AutoDock 4.2 and be refined using molecular dynamic (MD). The result showed that CCS ADTC5 peptide has stronger affinity and more stable interaction with EC1-EC2 coupled domain than the OCS one

Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccine Design of T- and B-Cells Multi-Epitopes against Zika Virus Using Immunoinformatics Approaches

The Zika virus disease, also known as Zika fever is an arboviral disease that became epidemic in the Pacific Islands and had spread to 18 territories of the Americas in 2016. Zika virus disease has been linked to several health problems such as microcephaly and the Guillain–Barré syndrome, but to date, there has been no vaccine available for Zika. Problems related to the development of a vaccine include the vaccination target, which covers pregnant women and children, and the antibody dependent enhancement (ADE), which can be caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. The peptide vaccine was chosen as a focus of this study as a safer platform to develop the Zika vaccine. In this study, a collection of Zika proteomes was used to find the best candidates for T- and B-cell epitopes using the immunoinformatics approach. The most promising T-cell epitopes were mapped using the selected human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, and further molecular docking and dynamics studies showed a good peptide-HLA interaction for the best major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) epitope. The most promising B-cell epitopes include four linear peptides predicted to be cross-reactive with T-cells, and conformational epitopes from two proteins accessible by antibodies in their native biological assembly. It is believed that the use of immunoinformatics methods is a promising strategy against the Zika viral infection in designing an efficacious multiepitope vaccine