Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Phase Evolution, Characterization, and Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of Nanocrystalline SrBi2Nb2O9SrBi_2Nb_2O_9 in Glassy Li2B4O7Li_2B_4O_7 Matrix

Transparent glass composites in the system $(100 - x)Li_2B_4O_7 - xSrBi_2Nb_2O_9$ (where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30, in molar ratio) were fabricated by conventional melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the as-quenched glass composites was confirmed via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies. Differential thermal analyses (DTA) established the glassy nature of the as-quenched samples. Glass nanocomposites (GNC's) with high-optical transparency were obtained by controlled heat-treatment of the glass composites at 750 K/6 h. Perovskite $SrBi_2Nb_2O_9$ (SBN) phase formation through an intermediate fluorite phase was confirmed by XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dielectric constant $(\epsilon_r)$ in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 40 MHz at room temperature increases whereas dielectric loss (D) decreases with increase in SBN content in $Li_2B_4O_7$ glass matrix. Impedance spectroscopy employed to rationalize the electrical behavior of the as-quenched glasses and glass nanocomposites suggests the coexistence of electronic and ionic conduction in these materials. The optical transmission and band-gap energy of these composites were found to be crystallite size dependent

Dielectric, structural and ferroelectric properties of strontium borate glasses containing nanocrystalline bismuth vanadate

Glasses of the composition (100-x) SrB4O7 (SBO)-x Bi2VO5.5 (BiV) (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 70) were fabricated by the splat quenching technique. The evolution of nanocrystallization of bismuth vanadate in the system 50 SBO-50 BiV (in mol%) was accomplished via controlled heat-treatment (in the temperature range 470-820 K) of the as-quenched glasses. Differential thermal analyses were performed to assess the glass transition (T-g) and crystallization temperatures (T-cr). X-Ray powder diffraction studies (XRD) confirmed the as-quenched samples to be amorphous. High resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) studies corroborated the XRD studies and indicated the BiV crystallite size in 720 K heat-treated composites to be around 15 nm. The dielectric constant (epsilon (r)) and the dielectric loss (D) were measured in the frequency range 100 Hz-10 MHz at different temperatures (300-900 K). The dielectric constant of the glass nanocomposite (GNC) under study was predicted using various dielectric 2mixture formulae at 300 K and found to be in close agreement with that obtained using the Maxwell and logarithmic mixture rules. The samples that were heat-treated at two different temperatures, 720 and 820 K, exhibited broad dielectric anomalies in the vicinity of ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition temperature of the parent BiV ceramics. Diffuseness of the observed transitions were estimated using Curie-Weiss formalism. The P vs. E hysteresis loops exhibited by GNC samples at high temperatures (670-760 K) demonstrate their ferroelectric nature

Structural and dielectric properties of ferroelectric Sr_1_-_xBa_xBi_2(Nb_0_._5Ta_0_._5)_2O_9 and Sr_0_._5Ba_0_._5Bi_2(Nb_1_-_yTa_y)_2O_9 ceramics

Ferroelectric Sr_1_-_xBa_xBi_2(Nb_0_._5Ta_0_._5)_2O_9and Sr_0_._5Ba_0_._5Bi_2(Nb_1_−_yTa_y)_2O_9 were synthesized by solid state reaction route. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of single phase layered perovskite solid solutions over a wide range of compositions (x=y=0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1). The lattice parameters and the Curie temperature $(T_c)$ have been found to have linear dependence on x and y. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggest the lowering of orthorhombic distortion with increasing Ba^2^+ substitution. Variations in microstructural features as a function of x and y were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dielectric constant at room temperature increases with increase in both x and y. Interestingly Ba^2^+ substitution on Sr^2^+ site induces diffused phase transition and diffuseness increases with increasing Ba^2^+ concentration

Evolution of ferroelectric LiMO3LiMO_{3} phase in a reactive glass matrix (LiBO2−Nb2O5)(LiBO_{2}-Nb_{2}O_{5})

Transparent glasses in the system $(100 - x)LiBO_{2}-xNb_{2}O_{5}$ (5 \leq = x \leq = 25, in molar ratio) were fabricated by the conventional melt quenching technique. The as-quenched samples were amorphous as established via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies. Differential thermal analyses(DTA) confirmed their glassy nature. The glass transition temperature(T-g) and the crystallization temperature were found to be strongly composition (x) dependent. Lithium niobate $(LiNbO_{3})$ nanocrystals were produced within the glass by heat-treating it at 500 degrees C/3 h (for x = 15). Two-stage heat-treatment process has improved the optical transmission characteristics. Impedance analysis was done to rationalize the electrical behavior of these glasses embedded with 100nm sized $LiNbO_{3}$ crystallites. The observed pyroelectric response and ferroelectric (P vs E) hysteresis loop at room temperature confirmed the polar nature of these composites

Influence of ZrO2_{2} Addition on Structural and Biological Activity of Phosphate Glasses for Bone Regeneration

Zirconium doped calcium phosphate-based bioglasses are the most prominent bioactive materials for bone and dental repair and regeneration implants. In the present study, a 8ZnO-22Na2O-(24 - x)CaO-46P2O5-xZrO2 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.7, all are in mol%) bioglass system was synthesized by the conventional melt-quenching process at 1100 °C. The glass-forming ability and thermal stability of the glasses were determined by measuring the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm), using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The biological activity of the prepared samples was identified by analyzing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectra (SEM-EDS), before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for various intervals of 0, 1 and 5 days, along with the magnitude of pH and the degradation of glasses also evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the glass-forming ability and thermal stability of glasses increased with the increase in zirconia mol%. The XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS data confirmed a thin hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer over the sample surface after incubation in SBF for 1 and 5 days. Furthermore, the development of layer found to be increased with the increase of incubation time. The degradation of the glasses in SBF increased with incubation time and decreased gradually with the increase content of ZrO2 mol% in the host glass matrix. A sudden rise in initial pH values of residual SBF for 1 day owing to ion leaching and increase of Ca2+ and PO43- ions and then decreased. These findings confirmed the suitability of choosing material for bone-related applications

Glass nanocomposite of strontium bismuth niobate and lithium borate: structural and dielectric investigations

Glass nanocomposites (GNC) in the system (100 - x)Li2B4O7 - xSrBi(2)Nb(2)O(9) (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 30) were prepared by splat quenching technique. The as-quenched samples of all the compositions under study have been confirmed to be amorphous by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies. Differential thermal analyses (DTA) suggest the glassy nature of the as-quenched samples. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) studies carried out on heat-treated samples reveal the presence of platy crystallites of SrBi2Nb2O9(SBN) dispersed in the glassy matrix of Li2B4O7 (LBO). The dielectric constant (epsilon (r)) and the dielectric loss (D) decrease with increase in frequency (100 Hz-10 MHz) at 300 K. The influence of the composition and the microstructure on the dielectric properties of the LBO-SBN nanocomposite has been established. The optical transmission characteristics of these GNC could be varied as a function of its composition

Dielectric anomaly in strontium borate-bismuth vanadate glass nanocomposite

Transparent glass nanocomposites in the pseudo binary system (100 - x) SrB4O7 (SBO)-x Bi2VO5.5 (BiV) (0 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 70) were prepared by the splat quenching technique. The nano-crystallization of bismuth vanadate (BiV) in 50 SBO-50 BiV (in mol%) glass composite has been demonstrated. These were characterized for their structural, thermal and dielectric properties. As-quenched composites under study have been confirmed to be amorphous by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies. The glass transition temperature (T-g) and crystallization temperatures (T-er) were determined using differential thermal analyses (DTA), High resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) studies carried out on heat-treated samples reveal the presence of spherical nanosize crystallites of Bi2VO5.5 (BiV) dispersed in the glassy matrix of SrB4O7 (SSO). The dielectric constant (epsilon (r)) and the dielectric loss (D) measurements were carried out on the as-quenched and heat-treated glass nanocomposite samples in the frequency range 100 Hz-10 MHz. The as-quenched and the heat-treated at two different temperatures (720 and 820 K) samples exhibited broad dielectric anomalies in the vicinity of the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition temperature of the parent BiV ceramics. The Curie-Weiss law was found to be valid at a temperature above the transition temperature, establishing the diffused nature of the transition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Investigations on Physico-Mechanical and Spectral Studies of Zn2+ Doped P2O5-Based Bioglass System

ZnO incorporated phosphate based bioglasses with the composition xZnO–22Na2O–24CaO–(54-X)P2O5 (where X = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mol%) were developed by melt-quenching process. The physical, thermal and other structural properties of the glasses were studied in detail. By employing various characterization techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in addition to the energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy, the structural properties were analyzed. Interestingly, physical, thermal and mechanical properties were enhanced with the increasing content of zinc oxide up to 8 mol%, due to the presence of more ionic nature of P–O–Zn bonds than P–O–P bonds in the glass network. The FTIR and Raman analysis revealed the evolution of the phosphate network with increasing zinc concentration and leads to progressive depolymerisation of the glass network. The obtained results from the physical and structural properties of these zinc added calcium phosphate glasses support their potential to use as bone implant applications