Approximate Analytical Solution of Advection-Dispersion Equation By Means of OHAM.

This work deals with the analytical solution of advection dispersion equation arising in solute transport along unsteady groundwater flow in finite aquifer. A time dependent input source concentration is considered at the origin of the aquifer and it is assumed that the concentration gradient is zero at the other end of the aquifer. The optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM) is used to obtain numerical and graphical representation

A study of feto-maternal outcome in bleeding per vaginum in first trimester of pregnancy

Background: Bleeding per vaginum in the first trimester is a common obstetric entity. Four major causes of pathological bleeding in 1st trimester are miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, implantation bleeding of pregnancy and cervical pathology. The purpose of this study was to investigate and understand the effect of first trimester vaginal bleeding on maternal and perinatal outcomes in the local population to which our hospital serves. Objective of this study was to estimate the degree of association between first-trimester bleeding and miscarriage, pregnancy outcomes in women with threatened abortion, various maternal complications and outcome of labor in pregnancy complicated by first-trimester bleeding and adverse fetal outcomes affected with first trimester bleeding.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out on 110 women attending hospital with history of first trimester vaginal bleeding at a tertiary health center - sola civil hospital Ahmedabad for a period of twelve months.Results: Majority (69%) of first trimester bleeding occurs in age group of 21-30 years and majority of patients were primigravida constituting 53% out of 110 patients, 48 patients presented with abortions, out of which 26 had threatened abortion and 22 had other abortions. Primi para with previous history of bleeding per vaginum had more chances to go in full term in present pregnancy.Conclusions: Patients presenting with heavy bleeding per vaginum ended up in pregnancy loss and thus a poor outcome. In the presence of sub-chorionic hematoma, the prognosis of pregnancy is greatly affected as the risk of pre-term, IUGR and especially miscarriages increase significantly

Analytic Analysis for Oil Recovery During Cocurrent Imbibition in Inclined Homogeneous Porous Medium

This paper focuses on the analysis of cocurrent imbibition phenomenon which occurs during secondary oil recovery process.In cocurrent imbibition, a strongly wetting phase(water) displaces a non-wetting phase(oil) spontaneously under the influence of capillary forces such that the oil moves in the same direction to the water. We use an optimal homotopy analysis method to derive an approximate analytical expression for saturation of water when the viscosity of the non-wetting phase is non-negligible

Biosynthesis of vitamins and enzymes in fermented foods by lactic acid bacteria and related genera - A promising approach

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely employed in food fermentation processes for the biosynthesis of certain important products or metabolites. Fermented food provides plenty of vital nutrients and bioactive components that affect a number of functions of human body in a positive way. Fermented milks can be made more functional by incorporating probiotic strains and furthermore, if they are capable of synthesizing essential biomolecules such as vitamins, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, bacteriocins or bioactive peptides serve into the functional and technological properties of the products. Current paper reviews recent advances associated with biosynthesis of vitamins and enzymes by virtue of LAB and related genera. The outcomes of several studies indicate promising applications at commercial level; however adequate selection of strain is vital to increase the concentration and bioavailability of such biomolecules in fermented foods

A Review on Multi Approaches for Impurity Isolation and its Characterization

International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) has formulated different guideline regarding the control of impurities. In this review,  the impurity sources, classification, isolation, detection and characterization methods are described. The some impurities are unavoidable and will be present in trace amounts hence ICH guidelines frame the different policies and establish the specification limits, isolation and characterization is necessary for evaluation and control of impurities. The other regulatory bodies and drug development authorities look up to these guidelines for launching a quality drug into the market. Validation of analytical process for impurity identification is performed to establish the impurity profile of any drug substance. Hence the major focus of this review article is on isolation and characterization of impurities using various technics, sources and classifications, establishment of impurity profile and analytical approaches to establish its profile. We also could apply the QbD to providing statistical documentary evidences. Keywords: Impurity profile, Impurities isolation methods, chromatographic separation, Impurity Characterization, ICH, QbD

Interplay among ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodelers Determines Chromatin Organisation in Yeast

Cellular DNA is packaged into chromatin, which is composed of regularly-spaced nucleosomes with occasional gaps corresponding to active regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, called nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs). This chromatin organisation is primarily determined by the activities of a set of ATP-dependent remodeling enzymes that are capable of moving nucleosomes along DNA, or of evicting nucleosomes altogether. In yeast, the nucleosome-spacing enzymes are ISW1 (Imitation SWitch protein 1), Chromodomain-Helicase-DNA-binding (CHD)1, ISW2 (Imitation SWitch protein 2) and INOsitol-requiring 80 (INO80); the nucleosome eviction enzymes are the SWItching/Sucrose Non-Fermenting (SWI/SNF) family, the Remodeling the Structure of Chromatin (RSC) complexes and INO80. We discuss the contributions of each set of enzymes to chromatin organisation. ISW1 and CHD1 are the major spacing enzymes; loss of both enzymes results in major chromatin disruption, partly due to the appearance of close-packed di-nucleosomes. ISW1 and CHD1 compete to set nucleosome spacing on most genes. ISW1 is dominant, setting wild type spacing, whereas CHD1 sets short spacing and may dominate on highly-transcribed genes. We propose that the competing remodelers regulate spacing, which in turn controls the binding of linker histone (H1) and therefore the degree of chromatin folding. Thus, genes with long spacing bind more H1, resulting in increased chromatin compaction. RSC, SWI/SNF and INO80 are involved in NDR formation, either directly by nucleosome eviction or repositioning, or indirectly by affecting the size of the complex that resides in the NDR. The nature of this complex is controversial: some suggest that it is a RSC-bound “fragile nucleosome”, whereas we propose that it is a non-histone transcription complex. In either case, this complex appears to serve as a barrier to nucleosome formation, resulting in the formation of phased nucleosomal arrays on both sides.Fil: Prajapati, Hemant K.. National Instituto of Child Health & Human Development; Estados UnidosFil: Ocampo, Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; ArgentinaFil: Clark, David J.. National Instituto of Child Health & Human Development; Estados Unido

Evaluation of whey protein concentrate as a functional ingredient on quality of goat milk rasogolla - an Indian dessert

In the literature, a variety of dairy products are made from goat milk; however, information related to the manufacture of rasogolla from goat milk is very scant. During preliminary trials, it was observed that chhena prepared from goat milk was not suitable for the preparation of rasogolla because it has a very soft and sticky body that is difficult to handle. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to formulate an acceptable quality goat milk rasogolla using whey protein concentrate (WPC) as a functional ingredient. Chhena (also known as Indian cottage cheese, a heat- and acid-coagulated indigenous dairy product) was prepared from fresh Surati goat milk (3.5% fat/8.5% milk solids-not-fat (MSNF). Twelve batches of rasogolla were prepared from chhena coagulated at three temperatures viz. 75, 80 and 85⁰C containing WPC at 4 levels (i.e., 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% w/w of milk). Rasogolla prepared from chhena containing 0.50% WPC in milk  and coagulated at 80°C was preferred the most with respect to all the sensory attributes evaluated. It had significantly (P<0.05) highest sucrose content, i.e., 35.73% and a higher sugar absorption ratio, i.e., 2.63, compared to all the other experimental samples. The composition of drained samples of goat milk rasogolla was as follows: moisture 50.07%; protein 7.04%; fat 6.44%; ash 0.45% and sucrose 35.73%. The pH was 6.34 and acidity was 0.76% lactic acid. Based on the results obtained in this study, a method was developed for the preparation of acceptable quality goat milk chhena and rasogolla

Effect of chronic use of mobile phone on hearing of young adult age group: a case control study

Background: Exposure to noise from mobile devices is suspected to affect hearing. Objective: To study effect of chronic use of mobile phone on hearing of young adult age group.Methods: The present study is randomized comparative case control study conducted at GMERS Medical College, Dharpur-Patan, North Gujarat, India during March 2014 to August 2015 in which 60 subjects within age group of 15-40 years were included without history of ear disease, ear complains, noise induced trauma to the ear and  exposure to noisy environment. After taking written and verbal consent and approval from ethical committee 60 healthy volunteers using the mobile phones infrequently less than 15 minutes a day were included in control group and 60 healthy volunteers using the mobile phones more than 1 hour a day with individual dialogue period more than 30 minutes at a time in a day, for more than 1 year were included in study group. After all the necessary clinical examinations, all subjects were taken in audiometry room for Pure Tone Audiometry in both ears using Pure Tones of 250 Hz- 8000 Hz Frequencies with pure tone audiometry instrument. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 17 (trial version).Results: The mean age of study group was (26.17 ± 2.65 years) and that of control subjects was (26 ± 3.93 years). The mean usage of mobile phones for study group was 106.0 ± 40.73 minutes and for control group was 9.33 ± 3.65 minutes, the difference was found statistically significant. The mean hearing loss at high frequencies in both ears in study group was 8.47 ± 4.15 dB and in control group was 0.33 ± 1.826 dB that was statistically significant. Out of 30 subjects of study groups, 14 subjects (23.33%) had normal hearing, 32 subjects (53.33%) were having mild high frequency hearing loss and 14 subjects (23.33%) were having moderate high frequency hearing loss. Out of 60 subjects of study groups, 46 subjects (76.67 %) were having high frequency hearing loss (mean hearing loss of 12.17 ± 9.53) in right ear, and 20 subjects (33.33 %) were having high frequency hearing loss (mean hearing loss of 5.16 ±9.143) in left ear. Out of 60 subjects of study groups, 24 subjects (52.17%) with history of tinnitus were having mild to moderate high frequency hearing loss. In 22 subjects (47.82%)  with history of warm sensation in the ear were having mild to moderate high frequency hearing loss. In 12 subjects (26.08%) with history of earache were having mild to moderate high frequency hearing loss.Conclusions: There is increase in mean hearing loss (especially at higher frequencies) with increase in duration of daily mobile phone usage. Hearing loss (especially at higher frequencies) is more marked in right ear (mobile phone using ear) as compared to left ear (non-mobile phone using ear). Mobile phone can have a deleterious effect on hearing threshold. Long term use of mobile phone can impair hearing function. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed on mobile phone use and hearing impairment.

Leveraging Plasmonic Hot Electrons to Quench Defect Emission in Metal -- Semiconductor Nanostructured Hybrids: Experiment and Modeling

Modeling light-matter interaction in hybrid plasmonic materials is vital to their widening relevance from optoelectronics to photocatalysis. Here, we explore photoluminescence from ZnO nanorods (ZNR) embedded with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). A progressive increase in Au NP concentration introduces significant structural disorder and defects in the ZNRs, which paradoxically quenches defect related visible photoluminescence (PL) while intensifying the near band edge (NBE) emission. Under UV excitation, the simulated semi-classical model realizes PL from ZnO with sub-band gap defect states, eliciting visible emissions that are absorbed by Au NPs to generate a non-equilibrium hot carrier distribution. The photo-stimulated hot carriers, transferred to ZnO, substantially modify its steady-state luminescence, reducing NBE emission lifetime and altering the abundance of ionized defect states, finally reducing visible emission. The simulations show that the change in the interfacial band bending at the Au-ZnO interface under optical illumination facilitates charge transfer between the components. This work provides a general foundation to observe and model the hot carrier dynamics in hybrid plasmonic systems