532 research outputs found
Heat conduction from irregular surfaces
The effect of irregularities on the rate of heat conduction from a two-dimensional isothermal surface into a semi infinite medium is considered. The effect of protrusions, depressions, and surface roughness is quantified in terms of the displacement of the linear temperature profile prevailing far from the surface. This shift, coined the displacement length, is designated as an appropriate global measure of the effect of the surface indentations incorporating the particular details of the possibly intricate geometry. To compute the displacement length, Laplace's equation describing the temperature distribution in the semi-infinite space above the surface is solved numerically by a modified Schwarz-Christoffel transformation whose computation requires solving a system of highly non-linear algebraic equations by iterative methods, and an integral equation method originating from the single-layer integral representation of a harmonic function involving the periodic Green's function. The conformal mapping method is superior in that it is capable of handling with high accuracy a large number of vertices and intricate wall geometries. On the other hand, the boundary integral method yields the displacement length as part of the solution. Families of polygonal wall shapes composed of segments in regular, irregular, and random arrangement are considered, and pre-fractal geometries consisting of large numbers of vertices are analyzed. The results illustrate the effect of wall geometry on the flux distribution and on the overall enhancement in the rate of transport for regular and complex wall shapes
Nuclear kinetic energy spectra of D_2^+ in intense laser field: Beyond Born Oppenheimer approximation
Simultaneously, the vibrational nuclear dynamics and full dimensional
electronic dynamics of the deuterium molecular ion exposed to the linear
polarized intense laser field are studied. The time dependent Schr\"odinger
equation of the aligned D2+ with the electric laser field is solved for the
simulation of the complicated dissociative ionization processes and compared
with the recent related experimental results. In this work, the R-dependent
ionization rate and the enhanced ionization phenomenon beyond the
Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) are introduced and calculated. The
substructure of the nuclear kinetic energy release spectra are revealed as the
Coulomb explosion energy spectra and dissociation energy spectra in the
dissociation-ionization channel. The significant and trace of these distinct
sub-spectra in the total spectra comparatively are displayed and discussed.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure
New analytical progress in the theory of vesicles under linear flow
Vesicles are becoming a quite popular model for the study of red blood cells
(RBCs). This is a free boundary problem which is rather difficult to handle
theoretically. Quantitative computational approaches constitute also a
challenge. In addition, with numerical studies, it is not easy to scan within a
reasonable time the whole parameter space. Therefore, having quantitative
analytical results is an essential advance that provides deeper understanding
of observed features and can be used to accompany and possibly guide further
numerical development. In this paper shape evolution equations for a vesicle in
a shear flow are derived analytically with precision being cubic (which is
quadratic in previous theories) with regard to the deformation of the vesicle
relative to a spherical shape. The phase diagram distinguishing regions of
parameters where different types of motion (tank-treading, tumbling and
vacillating-breathing) are manifested is presented. This theory reveals
unsuspected features: including higher order terms and harmonics (even if they
are not directly excited by the shear flow) is necessary, whatever the shape is
close to a sphere. Not only does this theory cure a quite large quantitative
discrepancy between previous theories and recent experiments and numerical
studies, but also it reveals a new phenomenon: the VB mode band in parameter
space, which is believed to saturate after a moderate shear rate, exhibits a
striking widening beyond a critical shear rate. The widening results from
excitation of fourth order harmonic. The obtained phase diagram is in a
remarkably good agreement with recent three dimensional numerical simulations
based on the boundary integral formulation. Comparison of our results with
experiments is systematically made.Comment: a tex file and 6 figure
Segregation by membrane rigidity in flowing binary suspensions of elastic capsules
Spatial segregation in the wall normal direction is investigated in
suspensions containing a binary mixture of Neo-Hookean capsules subjected to
pressure driven flow in a planar slit. The two components of the binary mixture
have unequal membrane rigidities. The problem is studied numerically using an
accelerated implementation of the boundary integral method. The effect of a
variety of parameters was investigated, including the capillary number,
rigidity ratio between the two species, volume fraction, confinement ratio, and
the number fraction of the more floppy particle in the mixture. It was
observed that in suspensions of pure species, the mean wall normal positions of
the stiff and the floppy particles are comparable. In mixtures, however, the
stiff particles were found to be increasingly displaced towards the walls with
increasing , while the floppy particles were found to increasingly
accumulate near the centerline with decreasing . The origins of this
segregation is traced to the effect of the number fraction on the
localization of the stiff and the floppy particles in the near wall region --
the probability of escape of a stiff particle from the near wall region to the
interior is greatly reduced with increasing , while the exact opposite
trend is observed for a floppy particle with decreasing . Simple model
studies on heterogeneous pair collisions involving a stiff and a floppy
particle mechanistically explain this observation. The key result in these
studies is that the stiff particle experiences much larger cross-stream
displacement in heterogeneous collisions than the floppy particle. A unified
mechanism incorporating the wall-induced migration of deformable particles and
the particle fluxes associated with heterogeneous and homogeneous pair
collisions is presented.Comment: 19 Pages, 16 Figure
Wrinkling of microcapsules in shear flow
Elastic capsules can exhibit short wavelength wrinkling in external shear
flow. We analyse this instability of the capsule shape and use the length scale
separation between the capsule radius and the wrinkling wavelength to derive
analytical results both for the threshold value of the shear rate and for the
critical wave-length of the wrinkling. These results can be used to deduce
elastic parameters from experiments.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PR
Two-dimensional Vesicle dynamics under shear flow: effect of confinement
Dynamics of a single vesicle under shear flow between two parallel plates is
studied using two-dimensional lattice-Boltzmann simulations. We first present
how we adapted the lattice-Boltzmann method to simulate vesicle dynamics, using
an approach known from the immersed boundary method. The fluid flow is computed
on an Eulerian regular fixed mesh while the location of the vesicle membrane is
tracked by a Lagrangian moving mesh. As benchmarking tests, the known vesicle
equilibrium shapes in a fluid at rest are found and the dynamical behavior of a
vesicle under simple shear flow is being reproduced. Further, we focus on
investigating the effect of the confinement on the dynamics, a question that
has received little attention so far. In particular, we study how the vesicle
steady inclination angle in the tank-treading regime depends on the degree of
confinement. The influence of the confinement on the effective viscosity of the
composite fluid is also analyzed. At a given reduced volume (the swelling
degree) of a vesicle we find that both the inclination angle, and the membrane
tank-treading velocity decrease with increasing confinement. At sufficiently
large degree of confinement the tank-treading velocity exhibits a
non-monotonous dependence on the reduced volume and the effective viscosity
shows a nonlinear behavior.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure
Dynamical regimes and hydrodynamic lift of viscous vesicles under shear
The dynamics of two-dimensional viscous vesicles in shear flow, with
different fluid viscosities and inside and
outside, respectively, is studied using mesoscale simulation techniques.
Besides the well-known tank-treading and tumbling motions, an oscillatory
swinging motion is observed in the simulations for large shear rate. The
existence of this swinging motion requires the excitation of higher-order
undulation modes (beyond elliptical deformations) in two dimensions.
Keller-Skalak theory is extended to deformable two-dimensional vesicles, such
that a dynamical phase diagram can be predicted for the reduced shear rate and
the viscosity contrast . The simulation results
are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions, when
thermal fluctuations are incorporated in the theory. Moreover, the hydrodynamic
lift force, acting on vesicles under shear close to a wall, is determined from
simulations for various viscosity contrasts. For comparison, the lift force is
calculated numerically in the absence of thermal fluctuations using the
boundary-integral method for equal inside and outside viscosities. Both methods
show that the dependence of the lift force on the distance of
the vesicle center of mass from the wall is well described by an effective
power law for intermediate distances with vesicle radius .
The boundary-integral calculation indicates that the lift force decays
asymptotically as far from the wall.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figure
Underwater bubble pinch-off: transient stretching flow
At the point of pinch-off of an underwater air bubble, the speed of water
rushing in diverges. Previous studies that assumed radial flow throughout
showed that the local axial shape is two smoothly connected, slender cones that
transition very slowly (logarithmically) to a cylindrical segment. Our
simulations show that even with initially radial flow, a transient vertical
flow develops with comparable speeds. Bernoulli pressure draws water into the
singularity region while incompressibility forces it away from the neck
minimum, generating significant vertical flows that rapidly slenderize and
symmetrize the collapse region. This transition is due to a different
mechanism, occurring much faster than previously expected. Vertical flows
dictate the neck shape evolution.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure
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