Neplnohodnotné matky? Imperatív dobrej matky a participácia matiek maloletých detí na trhu práce

Numerous studies have confi rmed that caring for small children is still the domain of women in Slovakia. Maternity as such is considered the natural and expected role of women and is part of the construction of femininity in Slovak society. At the same time, it is expected and routine that Slovak women participate in the labour market, and the prevailing form of employment is full-time work. This complicates efforts to harmonise work with the need to care for a small child. It is not just the country’s legislative and institutional framework that shape notions about caring for small children; they are also influenced by the views and attitudes of society towards this issue. The image of a good mother is constructed, and women then try to approximate it when performing their maternal role. The prevailing ideal is of a mother who devotes herself full-time to caring for a child for the first three years of the child’s life. The author of this article focuses on the context surrounding the construction of the image of a good mother as one who cares for her child until the age of three, and examines how the image of the good mother is reflected in the opinions of women on returning to work and on work/life balance. The data in this analysis are drawn from public opinion polls about early childcare and the reality of caring for small children in Slovakia and from in-depth interviews with mothers of small children. The mothers are aware of the views of society, refl ect on them, and many try to fulfil them so that they are perceived as ‘good’ and not ‘inadequate’ mothers

Demographic projections by religion and education in India

Studying religion jointly with education allows one to produce more precise projections of the size and structure of religious communities. India’s religious groups are characterized by large differences in their education and fertility levels. Among those with secondary or more education, there tends to be low variation in fertility, while for those without any education, fertility is high and varies substantially. For India, if fertility differentials were constant and there was no increase in educational enrolment, the Indian population would grow from 846 million in 2000 to more than 2.3 billion in 2050, while the Hindu population would change from 80.2% to 76.4% and the proportion of Muslims would rise from 13.4% to 19%. If fertility converges and education levels increases, the population would increase to 1.7 billion by 2050, with 78.2% Hindus and 16.5% Muslims

Fertility and family policies in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990

This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in the late 2000s throughout the region an impression of a fertility recovery has been created, however the findings of this project indicate that no such widespread childbearing recovery is underway. For the first time ever an overview and analysis of CEE family policies is conceptualized in this paper. It demonstrates that fertility trends and family policies are a matter of serious concern throughout the region. The following family policy types have been identified: comprehensive family policy model; pro-natalist policies model; temporary male bread-winner model; and conventional family policies model. The majority of family policies in CEE countries suffer from a variety of shortcomings that impede them from generating enhanced family welfare and from providing conditions for cohort fertility to increase. The likely further decline of cohort fertility, or its stagnation, may entail long-term demographic as well as other societal consequences, such as continuous declines in total population numbers, changes in age structures, as well as implications for health and social security costs.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Zmena prokreatívneho správania slovenských žien po roku 1990 v transverzálnom a longitudinálnom pohľade

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Reproductive careers of women in Slovakia during the state socialist era of the 1970s and in transforming society

The main goal of this study is to understand changes in fertility timing and ordering of reproductive life events over the women's life course. We investigate the process of family formation and transition to motherhood in Slovakia comparing birth cohorts of women who experienced childbearing during the state socialism of the 1970s and in transforming society. We employ the life course theory and combine qualitative methods with cross-sectional and cohort analysis of reproductive behaviour. Compared to the standardisation of reproductive careers during the state socialist era we observe individualisation of the life course and lowering degree of co-occurrence of life events in transition to adulthood. We find that sequential view of the life course, the perceived incompatibility of parenting with parallel life careers and newly articulated age norms contribute to the postponement of childbearing, which is perceived a rational strategy in response to the context of the market-oriented economy. Keywords: life course, reproductive behaviour, cohort fertility, postponement of childbearing, qualitative methods, Slovakia Abstrakt Hlavným cieľom štúdie je preskúmať zmeny usporiadania a časovania reprodukčných udalostí v rámci reprodukčných dráh žien. Porovnávame proces zakladania rodiny a prechodu k..

Reprodukčné dráhy žien na Slovensku v období štátneho socializmu 70. rokov a počas spoločenskej tranformácie

The main goal of this study is to understand changes in fertility timing and ordering of reproductive life events over the women's life course. We investigate the process of family formation and transition to motherhood in Slovakia comparing birth cohorts of women who experienced childbearing during the state socialism of the 1970s and in transforming society. We employ the life course theory and combine qualitative methods with cross-sectional and cohort analysis of reproductive behaviour. Compared to the standardisation of reproductive careers during the state socialist era we observe individualisation of the life course and lowering degree of co-occurrence of life events in transition to adulthood. We find that sequential view of the life course, the perceived incompatibility of parenting with parallel life careers and newly articulated age norms contribute to the postponement of childbearing, which is perceived a rational strategy in response to the context of the market-oriented economy. Keywords: life course, reproductive behaviour, cohort fertility, postponement of childbearing, qualitative methods, Slovakia Abstrakt Hlavným cieľom štúdie je preskúmať zmeny usporiadania a časovania reprodukčných udalostí v rámci reprodukčných dráh žien. Porovnávame proces zakladania rodiny a prechodu k...The main goal of this study is to understand changes in fertility timing and ordering of reproductive life events over the women's life course. We investigate the process of family formation and transition to motherhood in Slovakia comparing birth cohorts of women who experienced childbearing during the state socialism of the 1970s and in transforming society. We employ the life course theory and combine qualitative methods with cross-sectional and cohort analysis of reproductive behaviour. Compared to the standardisation of reproductive careers during the state socialist era we observe individualisation of the life course and lowering degree of co-occurrence of life events in transition to adulthood. We find that sequential view of the life course, the perceived incompatibility of parenting with parallel life careers and newly articulated age norms contribute to the postponement of childbearing, which is perceived a rational strategy in response to the context of the market-oriented economy. Keywords: life course, reproductive behaviour, cohort fertility, postponement of childbearing, qualitative methods, Slovakia Abstrakt Hlavným cieľom štúdie je preskúmať zmeny usporiadania a časovania reprodukčných udalostí v rámci reprodukčných dráh žien. Porovnávame proces zakladania rodiny a prechodu k...Department of Demography and GeodemographyKatedra demografie a geodemografieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Neplnohodnotné matky? Imperatív dobrej matky a participácia matiek maloletých detí na trhu práce

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Potratovosť vo vybraných rómských komunitách na Slovensku

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Synthesis of 4-OXO-4H-Chromene Derivative with Fused Benzodiazepine Ring

6-Acetylbenzo[b]chromeno[2,3-e][1,4]diazepin-13(6H)-one 6 was synthesized by reaction of 4- oxo-4H-chromene-3-carboxaldehyde 1 with 1,2-diaminobenzene 2 followed by cyclisation of formed Schiff base 3 and spontaneous oxidation of dihydrodiazepine 4 by air oxygen. Finally, diazepine 5 was acetylated at N(6) by reaction with acetic anhydride

Quantifying the impact of COVID-19 on immigration in receiving high-income countries

Previous studies have examined the impact of COVID-19 on mortality and fertility. However, little is known about the effect of the pandemic on constraining international migration. We quantify the impact of COVID-19 on immigration flows in 15 high-income countries by forecasting their counterfactual levels in 2020 assuming no pandemic and comparing these estimates with observed immigration counts. We then explore potential driving forces, such as stringency measures and changes in unemployment moderating the extent of immigration decline. Our results show that immigration declined in all countries, except in Finland. Yet, significant cross-national variations exist. Australia (60%), Spain (45%) and Sweden (36%) display the largest declines, while immigration decreased by between 15% and 30% in seven states, and by less than 15% in four where results were not statistically significant. International travel, mobility restrictions and stay-at-home requirements exhibit a relationship with declines in immigration, although countries with similar levels of stringency witnessed different intensities of decline. Work and school closings and unemployment show no relationshi