Ona o partícula : argumentació i retòrica en l'aprenentatge de la natura de la llum

El present treball exposa el procediment i resultats d’una investigació centrada en un cas que permet considerar l’ensenyament de les ciències des del punt de vista d’estudis de la comunicació i del discurs. La investigació fou portada a terme en el context d’activitats de classe d’Ensenyament Primari i Secundari. L’estudi es centra en la forma de presentar la matèria, els arguments utilitzats en l’explicació i la retòrica dels alumnes a l’hora de presentar allò que hann après.This article shows the process and results of a case study which considers science teaching from a communication and discourse analysis approach. The investigation was done in the activities carried out in primary and secondary teaching. The study focuses on the way to present the courses, the arguments used in the explanation process and the students’ way of presenting what they had learned.El presente trabajo expone el procedimiento y resultados de una investigación centrada en un caso que permite considerar la enseñanza de las ciencias desde el punto de vista de estudios de la comunicación y del discurso. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el contexto de actividades de clase de Enseñanza Primaria y Secundaria. El estudio se centra en la forma de presentar la materia, los argumentos utilizados en la explicación y la retórica de los alumnos a la hora de presentar lo aprendido

La relación de la preferencia musical con los cinco grandes factores de la personalidad

Poucos estudos na psicologia da personalidade incluíram em suas análises o construto preferência musical. Tal situação vem se modificando, mas ainda carece de várias pesquisas, sobretudo na psicologia brasileira. Esta pesquisa verificou a relação entre preferência musical e traços de personalidade a partir de uma amostra de 225 estudantes universitários (M=22 anos; DP=6,41), que responderam a Escala de Preferência Musical e ao Inventário Big Five. Verificaram-se algumas correlações estatisticamente significativas entre as dimensões de preferência musical e os traços de personalidade. Foi observado que Música de Massa se relacionou positivamente com Extroversão e negativamente com Abertura à Experiência; Música Refinada e Neuroticismo se relacionaram negativamente, e Música de Massa ainda se relacionou significativa e estatisticamente, de modo positivo, com Abertura à Experiência. Por fim, Música Alternativa e Neuroticismo se relacionaram negativamente. Conclui-se que a preferência musical se relaciona com a personalidade, sendo importante para o seu entendimento.Few works in personality psychology had the musical preference construct in their analyses. This scenario has being changing but yet, further research is necessary, especially in the Brazilian psychology. This research verified mainly the relation between the personality traits and the music preference. The participants were 225 college students (M=22 years; SD=6.41). They answered to the Music Preference Scale and to the Big Five Inventory. Some statistically significant correlations were verified between the dimensions of music preference and the personality traits. There was a positive relation between Mass Music and Extroversion and a negative association between mass music and Openness. Refined Music and Neuroticism presented negative association, and Mass Music and Openess were negatively correlated. The Refined Music dimension still became statistically significant related to Openess, and presented a positive form. Finally, alternative music was negatively related to Neuroticism. The analysis indicated that music preference is related to personality traits and is important for its understanding.Pocos estudios en la Psicología de la personalidad incluyeron en sus análisis el concepto preferencia musical. Tal situación viene modificándose, pero aún carece de varias pesquisas, sobretodo en la Psicología brasileña. Esta pesquisa verificó la relación entre preferencia musical y trazos de personalidad a partir de la muestra de 225 estudiantes universitarios (M=22 años; DP=6,41), que contestaron la Escala de Preferencia Musical y al Inventario Big Five. Se verificaron algunas correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las dimensiones de preferencia musical y los trazos de personalidad. Fue observado que la música de masas se relacionó positivamente con extroversión y negativamente con apertura a la experiencia; música refinada y neuroticismo se relacionaron negativamente, y música de masas aún se relacionó significativa y estadísticamente, de modo positivo, con apertura a la experiencia. Por fin, música alternativa y neuroticismo se relacionaron negativamente. Se concluye que la preferencia musical se relaciona con la personalidad, siendo importante para su entendimiento

Sete ou quatorze dias para a retirada da sonda vesical de demora após prostatectomia radical retropúbica: implicações clínicas e complicações em um estudo randomizado

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that a 7-day period of indwelling catheter after radical retropubic prostatectomy is effective and safe without the need of performing cystography. METHODS: In the period from January of 2000 to July of 2002, 73 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy, and these patients were prospectively randomized in 2 groups: Group 1-37 patients who had the urethral catheter removed 7 days after the procedure, and Group 2-36 patients who had the catheter removed 14 days after the surgery. The 2 groups were similar, the surgeons and the technique were the same, and no cystography was performed to evaluate the presence of leaks. RESULTS: Two patients in Group 1 had bleeding and clot retention after having the catheter taken out in the seventh postoperative day and were managed by putting the catheter back in for 7 more days. Two patients in Group 2 developed bladder neck stricture and were treated by bladder neck incision with success. The continence rate was the same, with 2 cases of incontinence in each group. About 2 pads a day were used by the patients with incontinence. The average follow-up was 17.5 months (12-36 months). No urinary fistula, urinoma, or pelvic abscesses developed after catheter removal. Two patients were excluded from the analysis of this series: 1 died with a pulmonary embolus in the third postoperative day, and 1 developed a urinary suprapubic fistula before catheter withdrawal, which was maintained for 16 days. CONCLUSION: Withdrawal of the urethral catheter 7 days after radical retropubic prostatectomy, without performing cystography, has a low rate of short-term complications that are equivalent to withdrawal 14 days after the surgery.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a hipótese de que um período de sete dias de sonda vesical de demora após prostatectomia radical retropúbica é efetivo e seguro, sem a necessidade da realização de cistografia. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2000 e julho de 2002, setenta e três pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia radical retropúbica foram prospectivamente randomizados em dois grupos: grupo 1 - 37 pacientes em que a sonda vesical foi removida 7 dias após o procedimento e, grupo 2 - 36 nos quais a sonda foi removida 14 dias após a cirurgia. Os dois grupos apresentavam características clínicas similares, os cirurgiões e técnicas foram as mesmas, e nenhuma cistografia foi realizada para avaliar a presença de vazamentos. RESULTADOS: Dois pacientes no grupo 1 apresentaram sangramento e retenção por coágulos após a retirada da sonda no sétimo dia pós-operatório, e foram manejados através da recolocação da sonda vesical por mais 7 dias. Dois pacientes do grupo 2 desenvolveram esclerose do colo vesical e foram tratados através de incisão do colo vesical com sucesso. A taxa de continência foi a mesma, com dois casos de incontinência em cada grupo. Em torno de duas fraldas por dia eram utilizadas pelos pacientes com incontinência. O seguimento médio foi de 17.5 meses (2 - 30 meses). Não houve formação de fístula urinária, urinoma ou abcesso pélvico após a retirada da sonda vesical. Dois pacientes foram excluidos da análise desta série: um faleceu devido a embolia pulmonar no terceiro dia pós-operatório, e o outro desenvolveu fístula urinária suprapúbica antes da retirada do cateter, que foi mantido por 16 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A retirada da sonda vesical 7 dias após a prostatectomia radical retropúbica, sem realização de cistografia, tem uma baixa taxa de complicações de curto prazo, equivalentes às da retirada da sonda aos 14 dias de pós-operatório

Direct vascular contact is a hallmark of cerebral astrocytes

Astrocytes establish extensive networks via gap junctions that allow each astrocyte to connect indirectly to the vasculature. However, the proportion of astrocytes directly associated with blood vessels is unknown. Here, we quantify structural contacts of cortical astrocytes with the vasculature in vivo. We show that all cortical astrocytes are connected to at least one blood vessel. Moreover, astrocytes contact more vessels in deeper cortical layers where vessel density is known to be higher. Further examination of different brain regions reveals that only the hippocampus, which has the lowest vessel density of all investigated brain regions, harbors single astrocytes with no apparent vascular connection. In summary, we show that almost all gray matter astrocytes have direct contact to the vasculature. In addition to the glial network, a direct vascular access may represent a complementary pathway for metabolite uptake and distribution

South American Expert Roundtable : increasing adaptive governance capacity for coping with unintended side effects of digital transformation

This paper presents the main messages of a South American expert roundtable (ERT) on the unintended side effects (unseens) of digital transformation. The input of the ERT comprised 39 propositions from 20 experts representing 11 different perspectives. The two-day ERT discussed the main drivers and challenges as well as vulnerabilities or unseens and provided suggestions for: (i) the mechanisms underlying major unseens; (ii) understanding possible ways in which rebound effects of digital transformation may become the subject of overarching research in three main categories of impact: development factors, society, and individuals; and (iii) a set of potential action domains for transdisciplinary follow-up processes, including a case study in Brazil. A content analysis of the propositions and related mechanisms provided insights in the genesis of unseens by identifying 15 interrelated causal mechanisms related to critical issues/concerns. Additionally, a cluster analysis (CLA) was applied to structure the challenges and critical developments in South America. The discussion elaborated the genesis, dynamics, and impacts of (groups of) unseens such as the digital divide (that affects most countries that are not included in the development of digital business, management, production, etc. tools) or the challenge of restructuring small- and medium-sized enterprises (whose service is digitally substituted by digital devices). We identify specific issues and effects (for most South American countries) such as lack of governmental structure, challenging geographical structures (e.g., inclusion in high-performance transmission power), or the digital readiness of (wide parts) of society. One scientific contribution of the paper is related to the presented methodology that provides insights into the phenomena, the causal chains underlying “wanted/positive” and “unwanted/negative” effects, and the processes and mechanisms of societal changes caused by digitalization

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Link Design for Networked Robotics

This chapter aims to present the fundamentals of the design of wireless communication links for networked robotics applications. First, we provide an overview of networked robotics applications, motivating the importance of the wireless communication link as an enabler of these applications. Next, we review the wireless communication technologies available today, discussing the existent tradeoffs between range, power, and data rate, and introducing the main concepts regarding the design of wireless communication links. Finally, we present a design example of a wireless communication link and the results obtained. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the results and the challenges faced in the design of wireless communication links for networked robotics

Efeitos da compressão JPEG na subtração radiográfica digital quantitativa de perda óssea alveolar simulada

In order to evaluate the effect of JPEG compression in quantitative digital radiographic subtraction, 12 periapical x-rays of the lower molar region were digitized at 300 dpi and 8 bits, duplicated and saved as two subsets of images labelled 'A' and 'B' using the JPEG level 12 format. Areas simulating bone loss (1%, 3% and 5%) were digitally demarcated in the 'B' subset of images. All the images were reproduced digitally and saved using JPEG 10, 8, 6 and 4 compressions. For each compression tested, image subtraction was pezformd and the mean density and standard deviation of the gray levels was measured. The quantitative digital radiographic subtraction, using the Image Tool software application, was not affected by compression JPEG level 10. Although levels 8 and 6 allow the detection of changes in density, they tend to result in overestimation of the bone loss.Para avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de compressão JPEG na subtração radiográfica digital quantitativa, 12 radiografias periapicais da região de molares inferiores foram digitalizadas em 300 dpi e 8 bits, digitalmente duplicadas e salvas no formato JPEG nível 12, como conjuntos A e B. Nas imagens do conjunto B foram demarcadas áreas, no interior das quais foi simulada perda óssea (1%, 3% e 5%). Todas as imagens foram reproduzidas digitalmente e salvas com compressões JPEG 10, 8, 6 e 4. Para cada compressão testada foi realizada a subtração de imagem e determinada a densidade média e o desvio padrão dos tons de cinza. A subtração radiográfica digital quantitativa, realizada pelo programa Image Tool, não foi afetada pela compressão JPEG nível 10. Os níveis 8 e 6, apesar de permitirem a detecção na alteração da densidade, tendem a resultar em imagens que superestimam a perda óssea

Habilidades cognitivas, autoeficacia y estrategias de aprendizaje: indicadores y determinantes del rendimiento académico en el alumnado de educación secundaria

Con este trabajo se analiza la capacidad predictiva de variables cognitivas en interacción con las de autoeficacia  y de estrategias de aprendizaje  sobre el rendimiento académico medio  de alumnado de Educación Primaria y Secundaria de Galicia y Norte de Portugal. La muestra era de 801 alumnos de 7º de Enseñanza Básica (Portugal) y de 1º de ESO (España) y del total de la muestra 385 eran del norte de Portugal (48% varones), de edades comprendidas entre 10 y 16 años, (media de 12,4 años y desviación típica 0,94 años) y 416 de Galicia (España) (51% varones), de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 15 años, (media de 12,3 años y desviación típica 0,70).Los resultados apuntan a que son las variables cognitivas relacionadas con la capacidad de utilización de razonamiento con símbolos lógico-numéricos, razonamiento abstracto, así como la autoeficacia, entendida como la valoración de la capacidad percibida para la realización de cualquier tarea y las estrategias de organización y comprensión las que mantienen una alta correlación con el rendimiento. Del mismo modo, la interacción de dichas variables tienen una alta capacidad predictiva sobre el buen rendimiento académico del alumnado de educación secundaria