The last Charrua Indian; (Uruguay): analysis of the remains of Chief Vaimaca Perú.

Uruguay is the only Latin American country that at present lacks Native populations and little is known about its prehistoric populations. In the construction of National identity, the unique reference to Natives is about Charra Indians, one of the most important ethnic groups that lived in the territory and exterminated in the 1830s. In 1833, four survivors were taken to be exhibited and studied in France, becoming martyrs and a symbol of their nation. The skeletal remains of Chief Perú were preserved and studied mainly by Rivet1; these are the only remains certainly identified as belonging to a Charrúa. In 2002, the French government returned the remains to Uruguay, where they were buried with honours at the National Pantheon. Before the burial, we performed morphological studies as well as extracted samples for DNA analysis. Peru's morphology is coherent with the one of a nomadic warrior: robust body with strong muscular insertions, wounds, and healthy diet based mainly on meat. Here we show that metric and morphological data as well as maternal inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region I (HVRI) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), indicate a close relationship with Pampa-Patagonian Indians, and specially, with prehistoric Natives buried in mounds from eastern Uruguay. This last finding is particularly important to understand Uruguayan prehistory and history, raising the debate about who the mound builders were, and showing continuity between them, historic Charrúa Indians, and present populations

Economic evaluation of the replacement of maiz and sorghum by paddy rice in swine diets

Este trabajo se basó en resultados de la investigación en cerdos de levante-ceba realizada por la Sección de Porcinos del ICA en el CNI Palmira. Analiza económicamente los resultados biofísicos obtenidos con dietas basadas en: soya bajo diferentes formas de procesamiento (fuentes proteínicas), arroz Paddy, sorgo y maíz (fuentes energéticas), a precios de septiembre de 1986. Se analizaron dos experimentos para evaluar el comportamiento técnico-económico de las dietas mencionadas. Se determinó el nivel de precios que se debe considerar para entregar diferentes recomendaciones al porcicultor y se analizó estadísticamente el peso final, incremento de peso y consumo de alimento. Para el análisis económico, se emplearon las técnicas de presupuesto parcial, análisis marginal y de sensibilidad precio de insumos-producto, aplicando la metodología del CIMMYT para formular recomendaciones a partir de datos agronómicos. El análisis estadístico del peso final, incremento de peso y consumo de alimento, no mostró diferencias significativas entre las medias de las dietas consideradas. El análisis económico del experimento 1, “utilización de arroz Paddy en combinación con soya integral cocida (SIC) en la alimentación de cerdos”, determinó que el tratamiento 6 (100% de arroz Paddy + SIC) presentaba los mejores beneficios económicos y era el más consistente a fluctuaciones de precios de los ingredientes de las dietas. Si los precios del arroz Paddy y del maíz se igualan, se recomienda la dieta 4 (maíz + SIC). En el experimento 2, “utilización de arroz Paddy en combinación con SIC y soya integral tostada (SIT) en la alimentación de cerdos de levante-ceba”, el mejor tratamiento, económicamente fue el 3 (100% de arroz Paddy + SIC), si el precio del sorgo es mayor que el del arroz Paddy; si se igualan los precios, se aconseja el tratamiento 2 (50% de arroz Paddy + SIC); si el precio del arroz Paddy es mayor, se recomienda la dieta control (sorgo + torta de soya, TS).Using prices of september/86, an economical analysis of the biophysic results obtained with growing pigs on diets based on soybean processed in different ways was done. Also, the price level that should be considered to offer different recommendations and the statistical analysis of total weight, weight gain and food consumption, were determined. Two experiments were analyzed in this study to deterrn.ne the effect of different diets of soybean with paddy rice, sorghum or yellow corn on pigs in growing-finishing phase. The data was obtained from the results of the research done in Palmira by the Swine program of the National Research Center of ICA. The economical analysis included partial budget techniques and marginal and price sensitivity analysis of the inputs and the product, according to the methodology recommended by CIMMYT for the formulation of recomendations based on agronomical data. The differences between diets of the variables total weight, weight gain and food consumption were not statiscally significative. The economical analysis of experiment 1 "use of paddy rice and cooked whole soybean in pig feeding", showed that the diet of 100% paddy rice plus integral cooked soybean was the best treatment, because it gave the highest net benefit and the lowest total cost; besides, it was more economically consistent to price fluctuations of inputs. When the price of rice and yellow corn are equal, the diet of yellow corn plus cooked soybeans gives the highest profit. In experiment 2, "use of paddy rice in combination with cooked and toasted whole soybeans in pig feeding", the best treatment from the economical point of view was 100% paddy rice plus cooked soybean when the price of sorghum is higher that the price of paddy rice; if the prices are equal, the diet of 50% paddy rice plus cooked soybean is more economical. If the price of paddy rice is higher, the diet of sorghum plus soybean cake is recommended.Porcicultur

Utilización del grano de soya crudo en la alimentación de cerdas primerizas, durante dos periodos consecutivos de gestación - lactancia

Con 21 cerdas primerizas cruzadas se evaluaron los efectos del suministro del grano de soya crudo en reemplazo de la soya integral cocida y de la torta de soya durante dos períodos consecutivos. No hubo diferencia al parto (P and lt; 0.05) en las variables cambio de peso de la cerda, peso de lechones al nacimiento y a los 7 días, porcentaje de mortalidad a los 7, excepto para el número de lechones nacidos vivos. En lactancia, hubo diferencias (PCrossbred gilts were used to evaluate the effect in gestation-lactation due to feeding with raw soybean grain replacing cooked whole grain soybean and soybean meal during two consecutive periods. There were ne differences at farrowing (

Utilización del grano de soya crudo en la alimentación de cerdas primerizas, durante dos periodos consecutivos de gestación - lactancia

Con 21 cerdas primerizas cruzadas se evaluaron los efectos del suministro del grano de soya crudo en reemplazo de la soya integral cocida y de la torta de soya durante dos períodos consecutivos. No hubo diferencia al parto (P and lt; 0.05) en las variables cambio de peso de la cerda, peso de lechones al nacimiento y a los 7 días, porcentaje de mortalidad a los 7, excepto para el número de lechones nacidos vivos. En lactancia, hubo diferencias (PCrossbred gilts were used to evaluate the effect in gestation-lactation due to feeding with raw soybean grain replacing cooked whole grain soybean and soybean meal during two consecutive periods. There were ne differences at farrowing (

Molecular characterization of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis hsp60-hsp10 operon, and evaluation of the immune response and protective efficacy induced by hsp60 DNA vaccination in mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important candidates for the development of vaccines because they are usually able to promote both humoral and cellular immune responses in mammals. We identified and characterized the <it>hsp60-hsp10 </it>bicistronic operon of the animal pathogen <it>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</it>, a Gram-positive bacterium of the class <it>Actinobacteria</it>, which causes caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in small ruminants.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>To construct the DNA vaccine, the <it>hsp60 </it>gene of <it>C. pseudotuberculosis </it>was cloned in a mammalian expression vector. BALB/c mice were immunized by intramuscular injection with the recombinant plasmid (pVAX1/<it>hsp60</it>).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This vaccination induced significant anti-hsp60 IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a isotype production. However, immunization with this DNA vaccine did not confer protective immunity.</p

Pre-hospital management protocols and perceived difficulty in diagnosing acute heart failure

Aim To illustrate the pre-hospital management arsenals and protocols in different EMS units, and to estimate the perceived difficulty of diagnosing suspected acute heart failure (AHF) compared with other common pre-hospital conditions. Methods and results A multinational survey included 104 emergency medical service (EMS) regions from 18 countries. Diagnostic and therapeutic arsenals related to AHF management were reported for each type of EMS unit. The prevalence and contents of management protocols for common medical conditions treated pre-hospitally was collected. The perceived difficulty of diagnosing AHF and other medical conditions by emergency medical dispatchers and EMS personnel was interrogated. Ultrasound devices and point-of-care testing were available in advanced life support and helicopter EMS units in fewer than 25% of EMS regions. AHF protocols were present in 80.8% of regions. Protocols for ST-elevation myocardial infarction, chest pain, and dyspnoea were present in 95.2, 80.8, and 76.0% of EMS regions, respectively. Protocolized diagnostic actions for AHF management included 12-lead electrocardiogram (92.1% of regions), ultrasound examination (16.0%), and point-of-care testings for troponin and BNP (6.0 and 3.5%). Therapeutic actions included supplementary oxygen (93.2%), non-invasive ventilation (80.7%), intravenous furosemide, opiates, nitroglycerine (69.0, 68.6, and 57.0%), and intubation 71.5%. Diagnosing suspected AHF was considered easy to moderate by EMS personnel and moderate to difficult by emergency medical dispatchers (without significant differences between de novo and decompensated heart failure). In both settings, diagnosis of suspected AHF was considered easier than pulmonary embolism and more difficult than ST-elevation myocardial infarction, asthma, and stroke. Conclusions The prevalence of AHF protocols is rather high but the contents seem to vary. Difficulty of diagnosing suspected AHF seems to be moderate compared with other pre-hospital conditions

Comparison Study of MS-HRM and Pyrosequencing Techniques for Quantification of APC and CDKN2A Gene Methylation

There is increasing interest in the development of cost-effective techniques for the quantification of DNA methylation biomarkers. We analyzed 90 samples of surgically resected colorectal cancer tissues for APC and CDKN2A promoter methylation using methylation sensitive-high resolution melting (MS-HRM) and pyrosequencing. MS-HRM is a less expensive technique compared with pyrosequencing but is usually more limited because it gives a range of methylation estimates rather than a single value. Here, we developed a method for deriving single estimates, rather than a range, of methylation using MS-HRM and compared the values obtained in this way with those obtained using the gold standard quantitative method of pyrosequencing. We derived an interpolation curve using standards of known methylated/ unmethylated ratio (0%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of methylation) to obtain the best estimate of the extent of methylation for each of our samples. We observed similar profiles of methylation and a high correlation coefficient between the two techniques. Overall, our new approach allows MS-HRM to be used as a quantitative assay which provides results which are comparable with those obtained by pyrosequencing

Antimalarial Activity and Mechanisms of Action of Two Novel 4-Aminoquinolines against Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites

Chloroquine (CQ) is a cost effective antimalarial drug with a relatively good safety profile (or therapeutic index). However, CQ is no longer used alone to treat patients with Plasmodium falciparum due to the emergence and spread of CQ-resistant strains, also reported for P. vivax. Despite CQ resistance, novel drug candidates based on the structure of CQ continue to be considered, as in the present work. One CQ analog was synthesized as monoquinoline (MAQ) and compared with a previously synthesized bisquinoline (BAQ), both tested against P. falciparum in vitro and against P. berghei in mice, then evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit hemozoin formation. Their interactions with residues present in the NADH binding site of P falciparum lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated using docking analysis software. Both compounds were active in the nanomolar range evaluated through the HRPII and hypoxanthine tests. MAQ and BAQ derivatives were not toxic, and both compounds significantly inhibited hemozoin formation, in a dose-dependent manner. MAQ had a higher selectivity index than BAQ and both compounds were weak PfLDH inhibitors, a result previously reported also for CQ. Taken together, the two CQ analogues represent promising molecules which seem to act in a crucial point for the parasite, inhibiting hemozoin formation