123 research outputs found

    Erforschung und Entwicklung alternativer Mittelzubereitungen fĂŒr die ApfelschorfbekĂ€mpfung im Falllaub

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    Das Ziel der Untersuchungen war, durch die Applikation von NĂ€hrmedien, potenziellen Antagonisten und/oder fungiziden Pflanzenextrakten (Saponine) nach dem Blattfall einen phytosanitĂ€ren Effekt mit einer Entwicklungsstörung auf die Fruchtkörper von V. inaequalis zu erreichen. Die Auswirkungen der Behandlungen wurden durch das verbleibende Ascosporenpotenzial ĂŒber die PrimĂ€rsaison bewertet. Die Ursachen und Wirkungen der PrĂ€parate wurden mikrobiologisch und biochemisch analysiert. Eine Chloroform-Methanol-Extraktion wurde als alternative Methode zur Isolierung von Saponinen entwickelt. Die Pflanzenextrakte wurden mittels SPE-Kartuschen und erstmals durch Verwendung der Hydrophoben Interaktionschromatographie aufgereinigt. Es konnten nahezu alle unwirksamen Begleitsubstanzen abgetrennt werden. Die fungiziden Wirkstoffe wurden mit einem neu entwickelten Blutagar-Test, der die hĂ€molytische Eigenschaft der Saponine nutzt, nachgewiesen und durch HPLC-Analysen charakterisiert. In vitro konnte fĂŒr alle Saponinextrakte eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Keimung der Konidien und das Mycelwachstum des Erregers nachgewiesen werden. Die prĂ€ventive Behandlung von SĂ€mlingen in GewĂ€chshausversuchen mit 1% Saponinextrakten von Waschnuss und Kastanie fĂŒhrte zu einer nahezu vollstĂ€ndigen Befallsreduktion. Eine „STOPPSpritzung“ 6 h nach der erfolgten Inokulation bewirkte eine Verminderung der Schorfsymptome um mehr als 70% und eine Reduktion der Sporulation um 98-100%. Das Ascosporenpotenzial konnte durch Falllaubbehandlungen im Herbst/Winter um bis zu 90% reduziert werden. In vitro identifizierte Antagonisten, die in das Falllaub eingebracht wurden, konnten die Ascosporenmenge nicht vergleichbar reduzieren. In vier Versuchsjahren konnte standortunabhĂ€ngig durch die Applikation von NĂ€hrmedien ein Wirkungsgrad von ≄ 97% zur Verminderung der Ascosporen-Freisetzung erreicht werden. Als besonders effektiv erwies sich ein konzentriertes LEIBER Hefeextrakt, welches die Ascosporenmenge nahezu vollstĂ€ndig reduzierte. Die mikrobiologischen Analysen des Falllaubes ergaben eine 10 bis 1.000-fache Erhöhung der Organismenzahl, einschließlich potenzieller Antagonisten. Die mikrobiologische AktivitĂ€t (biologischer Sauerstoffbedarf) war bis zu dreimal höher als in unbehandelten Blattdepots und hatte einen verstĂ€rkten und schnelleren Blattabbau zur Folge. Die bakteriellen und pilzlichen Falllaubbesiedler wurden von den BlĂ€ttern isoliert und mit MALDI-TOF oder ĂŒber die Sequenzierung ihrer ITS rDNA identifiziert. Pseudomonaden stellten mit 37-45% der Bakterienisolate die dominante Organismengruppe im Falllaub dar. In vitro wurde eine Hemmung des Mycelwachstums von V. inaequalis um 48-69% festgestellt. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aureobasidium pullulans und Epicoccum nigrum waren mit einem Anteil von jeweils mehr als 10% die wichtigsten Vertreter der Pilze und hemmten das Wachstum in vitro um bis zu 57%. In der Mehrzahl der Proben war die Zusammensetzung der Mikroorganismen im Vergleich zu KontrollblĂ€ttern im Wesentlichen quantitativ verĂ€ndert. Eine Verschiebung innerhalb der dominanten Spezies konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Als wirksame Stoffe konnten Peptide ≀ 3 kDa und AminosĂ€uren identifiziert werden. Die Behandlung des Falllaubs mit NĂ€hrmedien könnte als eine neue phytosanitĂ€re Strategie in die obstbauliche Praxis integriert werden und zu einem Kupferersatz beitragen.The objective of the study was to achieve a phytosanitary effect on fruiting bodies of V. inaequalis in apple leaf litter by application of nutrient media, potential antagonists and/or fungicidal plant extracts (saponins). The effects of leaf litter treatments on the remaining ascospore potential were assessed in course of the primary season of the pathogen. The principles and mode of action of the applied substances were evaluated by microbiological and biochemical analyses. As an alternative method for the isolation of saponins from plant materials an extraction with chloroform and methanol was developed. The saponin extracts were cleaned with SPE cartridges and for the first time with Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography. Nearly all ineffective substances could be removed from the extracts. The detection of membranolytic/hemolytic fractions was performed with an agar diffusion assay amended with sheep erythrocytes. Hemolytic fractions were further characterized by HPLC analyses. In vitro all plant extracts showed a fungicidal effect on conidia germination and mycelia growth of V. inaequalis. In seedling assays, a preventative treatment with soap nut and chestnut extract (1%) reduced apple scab symptoms nearly completely. A treatment 6 h after inoculation with conidia reduced scab symptoms by more than 70%. Pathogen sporulation on infected leaves was reduced by 98-100% in comparison to control groups. Ascospore potential could be reduced by leaf litter treatments by up to 90%. The application of in vitro identified antagonists on apple scab litter showed no effect on ascospore amount. Leaf litter treatments with nutrient media in autumn/winter revealed a reduction in the ascospore potential of more than 97% in four following apple scab seasons. The effect did not depend on geographical location of the orchard site. The best results could be achieved with a concentrated LEIBER yeast extract, which reduced the ascospore amount nearly completely. The microbiological analyses of leaf litter showed an increase of the number of organisms, including potential antagonists, from 10 up to 1.000 times. The microbiological activity (biological oxygen demand) was up to three times higher and leaf decay was enhanced compared to untreated litter. Bacterial and fungal leaf colonizers were isolated and identified with MALDI-TOF or sequencing of ITS rDNA. Pseudomonas proved to be the dominant bacterial species in apple leaf litter and contributed 37 to 45% of bacterial isolates. In vitro an inhibition of mycelia growth of V. inaequalis from 48 to 69% was observed. Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aureobasidium pullulans and Epicoccum nigrum reduced mycelial growth by up to 57%. Each one of these species represented more than 10% of the fungal isolates. In the majority of samples the microbial composition was changed mainly quantitatively and a shift within the dominant species was not detectable. Peptides ≀ 3 kDa and amino acids could be identified as the effective constituents of the media. Leaf litter treatments with nutrient media could be established as a new phytosanitary strategy in organic fruit production and contribute to a replacement of coppere fungicides

    Fieber, Husten und Dyspnoe bei einer nierentransplantierten 38-jÀhrigen Patientin

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    Zusammenfassung: Eine 38-jĂ€hrige nierentransplantierte Patientin stellte sich mit Fieber, Husten und Dyspnoe vor. Sie stand unter Immunsuppression mit Mycophenolat und Prednison. Aufgrund der Klinik wurde bei Nachweis pulmonaler Infiltrate die Diagnose einer ambulant erworbenen Pneumonie gestellt und eine antibiotische Therapie begonnen. Bei klinischer Verschlechterung musste die Patientin auf die Intensivstation verlegt werden. Trotz antibiotischer Therapie verbesserte sich der Zustand kaum. Im Verlauf wurde eine bronchoalveolĂ€re Lavage durchgefĂŒhrt, in der das Parainfluenza-1-Virus nachgewiesen werden konnte. Infektionen mit respiratorischen Viren können bei immunsupprimierten Patienten schwer verlaufen und gehen mit einer hohen MortalitĂ€t einher. Humane Parainfluenza-Viren sind die dritthĂ€ufigsten Erreger viraler Pneumonien. Molekulargenetische Nachweismethoden ermöglichen eine schnelle und sensitive Diagnostik an respiratorischen Materialien. Da die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten limitiert sind, kommt prophylaktischen Maßnahmen eine besondere Bedeutung z

    2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs

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    This report represents a scientific and working clinical consensus statement on seizure management in dogs based on current literature and clinical expertise. The goal was to establish guidelines for a predetermined, concise, and logical sequential approach to chronic seizure management starting with seizure identification and diagnosis (not included in this report), reviewing decision‐making, treatment strategies, focusing on issues related to chronic antiepileptic drug treatment response and monitoring, and guidelines to enhance patient response and quality of life. Ultimately, we hope to provide a foundation for ongoing and future clinical epilepsy research in veterinary medicine

    Systematic review of antiepileptic drugs’ safety and effectiveness in feline epilepsy

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    Understanding the efficacy and safety profile of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in feline epilepsy is a crucial consideration for managing this important brain disease. However, there is a lack of information about the treatment of feline epilepsy and therefore a systematic review was constructed to assess current evidence for the AEDs’ efficacy and tolerability in cats. The methods and materials of our former systematic reviews in canine epilepsy were mostly mirrored for the current systematic review in cats. Databases of PubMed, CAB Direct and Google scholar were searched to detect peer-reviewed studies reporting efficacy and/or adverse effects of AEDs in cats. The studies were assessed with regards to their quality of evidence, i.e. study design, study population, diagnostic criteria and overall risk of bias and the outcome measures reported, i.e. prevalence and 95% confidence interval of the successful and affected population in each study and in total

    Antiepileptic drugs’ tolerability and safety – a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse effects in dogs

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    <p>Various anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used for the management of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in dogs. Their safety profile is an important consideration for regulatory bodies, owners and prescribing clinicians. However, information on their adverse effects still remains limited with most of it derived from non-blinded non-randomized uncontrolled trials and case reports.</p><p><span>This poster won third place, which was presented at the Veterinary Evidence Today conference, Edinburgh November 1-3, 2016. </span></p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /

    Weight Regain in Formerly Obese Mice Hastens Development of Hepatic Steatosis Due to Impaired Adipose Tissue Function

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    Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155467/1/oby22788-sup-0001-Supinfo.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155467/2/oby22788_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155467/3/oby22788.pd

    International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: Medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe

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    In Europe, the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) licensed for dogs has grown considerably over the last years. Nevertheless, the same questions remain, which include, 1) when to start treatment, 2) which drug is best used initially, 3) which adjunctive AED can be advised if treatment with the initial drug is unsatisfactory, and 4) when treatment changes should be considered. In this consensus proposal, an overview is given on the aim of AED treatment, when to start long-term treatment in canine epilepsy and which veterinary AEDs are currently in use for dogs. The consensus proposal for drug treatment protocols, 1) is based on current published evidence-based literature, 2) considers the current legal framework of the cascade regulation for the prescription of veterinary drugs in Europe, and 3) reflects the authors’ experience. With this paper it is aimed to provide a consensus for the management of canine idiopathic epilepsy. Furthermore, for the management of structural epilepsy AEDs are inevitable in addition to treating the underlying cause, if possible

    Successful desensitization with human insulin in a patient with an insulin allergy and hypersensitivity to protamine: a case report

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Insulin allergy may occur in patients treated with subcutaneous applications of insulin preparations. Besides additives in the insulin preparation such as protamine, cresol, and phenol, the insulin molecule itself may be the cause of the allergy. In the latter case, therapeutic options are rare.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 68-year-old man with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus received different insulin preparations subcutaneously while on oral medication. Six to eight hours after each subcutaneous application, he developed pruritic plaques with a diameter of >15 cm at the injection sites that persisted for several days. Allergologic testing revealed positive reactions against every insulin preparation and against protamine. Investigation of serum samples demonstrated IgG antibodies against human and porcine insulin. We treated the patient with human insulin using an ultra-rush protocol beginning with 0.004 IU and a rapid augmentation in dose up to 5 IU. Therapy was accompanied by antihistamine therapy. Subsequent conversion to therapy with glargine insulin (6 IE twice daily) was well-tolerated.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>As reported in this case, desensitization with subcutaneously administered human insulin using an ultra-rush protocol in patients with an insulin allergy may present an easy form of therapy that is successful within a few days.</p
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