541 research outputs found
Magnetization of small lead particles
The magnetization of an ensemble of isolated lead grains of sizes ranging
from below 6 nm to 1000 nm is measured. A sharp disappearance of Meissner
effect with lowering of the grain size is observed for the smaller grains. This
is a direct observation by magnetization measurement of the occurrence of a
critical particle size for superconductivity, which is consistent with
Anderson's criterion.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, Submitted to PR
Phenomenology for the decay of energy-containing eddies in homogeneous MHD turbulence
We evaluate a number of simple, oneâpoint phenomenological models for the decay of energyâcontaining eddies in magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) and hydrodynamicturbulence. The MHDmodels include effects of cross helicity and AlfvĂ©nic couplings associated with a constant mean magnetic field, based on physical effects wellâdescribed in the literature. The analytic structure of three separate MHDmodels is discussed. The single hydrodynamic model and several MHDmodels are compared against results from spectralâmethod simulations. The hydrodynamic model phenomenology has been previously verified against experiments in wind tunnels, and certain experimentally determined parameters in the model are satisfactorily reproduced by the present simulation. This agreement supports the suitability of our numerical calculations for examining MHDturbulence, where practical difficulties make it more difficult to study physical examples. When the tripleâdecorrelation time and effects of spectral anisotropy are properly taken into account, particular MHDmodels give decay rates that remain correct to within a factor of 2 for several energyâhalving times. A simple model of this type is likely to be useful in a number of applications in space physics, astrophysics, and laboratory plasma physics where the approximate effects of turbulence need to be included
Ultrafast and Distinct Spin Dynamics in Magnetic Alloys
Controlling magnetic order on ultrashort timescales is crucial for engineering the next-generation magnetic devices that combine ultrafast data processing with ultrahigh-density data storage. An appealing scenario in this context is the use of femtosecond (fs) laser pulses as an ultrafast, external stimulus to fully set the orientation and the magnetization magnitude of a spin ensemble. Achieving such control on ultrashort timescales, e.g., comparable to the excitation event itself, remains however a challenge due to the lack of understanding the dynamical behavior of the key parameters governing magnetism: The elemental magnetic moments and the exchange interaction. Here, we investigate the fs laser-induced spin dynamics in a variety of multi-component alloys and reveal a dissimilar dynamics of the constituent magnetic moments on ultrashort timescales. Moreover, we show that such distinct dynamics is a general phenomenon that can be exploited to engineer new magnetic media with tailor-made, optimized dynamic properties. Using phenomenological considerations, atomistic modeling and time-resolved X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), we demonstrate demagnetization of the constituent sub-lattices on significantly different timescales that depend on their magnetic moments and the sign of the exchange interaction. These results can be used as a ârecipeâ for manipulation and control of magnetization dynamics in a large class of magnetic materials
Exposure Path Perceptions and Protective Actions in Biological Water Contamination Emergencies
This study extends the Protective Action Decision Model, developed to address disaster warning responses in the context of natural hazards, to âboil waterâ advisories. The study examined 110 Boston residentsâ and 203 Texas studentsâ expectations of getting sick through different exposure paths for contact with contaminated water. In addition, the study assessed respondentsâ actual implementation (for residents) or behavioral expectations (for students) of three different protective actions â bottled water, boiled water, and personally chlorinated water â as well as their demo-graphic characteristics and previous experience with water contamination. The results indicate that people distinguish among the exposure paths, but the differences are small (one-third to one-half of the response scale). Nonetheless, the perceived risk from the exposure paths helps to explain why people are expected to consume (or actually consumed) bottled water rather than boiled or personally chlorinated water. Overall, these results indicate that local authorities should take care to communicate the relative risks of different exposure paths and should expect that people will respond to a boil water order primarily by consuming bottled water. Thus, they should make special efforts to increase supplies of bottled water in their communities during water contamination emergencies
Optical control of 4f orbital state in rare-earth metals
Information technology demands continuous increase of data-storage density.
In high-density magnetic recording media, the large magneto-crystalline
anisotropy (MCA) stabilizes the stored information against decay through
thermal fluctuations. In the latest generation storage media, MCA is so large
that magnetic order needs to be transiently destroyed by heat to enable bit
writing. Here we show an alternative approach to control high-anisotropy
magnets: With ultrashort laser pulses the anisotropy itself can be manipulated
via electronic state excitations. In rare-earth materials like terbium metal,
magnetic moment and high MCA both originate from the 4f electronic state.
Following infrared laser excitation 5d-4f electron-electron scattering
processes lead to selective orbital excitations that change the 4f orbital
occupation and significantly alter the MCA. Besides these excitations within
the 4f multiplet, 5d-4f electron transfer causes a transient change of the 4f
occupation number, which, too, strongly alters the MCA. Such MCA change cannot
be achieved by heating: The material would rather be damaged than the 4f
configuration modified. Our results show a way to overcome this limitation for
a new type of efficient magnetic storage medium. Besides potential
technological relevance, the observation of MCA-changing excitations also has
implications for a general understanding of magnetic dynamics processes on
ultrashort time scales, where the 4f electronic state affects the angular
momentum transfer between spin system and lattice.Comment: Manuscript (14 pages, 3 figures) and Supplementary Information (22
pages, 9 figures
Biophysical suitability, economic pressure and land-cover change: a global probabilistic approach and insights for REDD+
There has been a concerted effort by the international scientific community to understand the multiple causes and patterns of land-cover change to support sustainable land management. Here, we examined biophysical suitability, and a novel integrated index of âEconomic Pressure on Landâ (EPL) to explain land cover in the year 2000, and estimated the likelihood of future land-cover change through 2050, including protected area effectiveness. Biophysical suitability and EPL explained almost half of the global pattern of land cover (R 2 = 0.45), increasing to almost two-thirds in areas where a long-term equilibrium is likely to have been reached (e.g. R 2 = 0.64 in Europe). We identify a high likelihood of future land-cover change in vast areas with relatively lower current and past deforestation (e.g. the Congo Basin). Further, we simulated emissions arising from a âbusiness as usualâ and two reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) scenarios by incorporating data on biomass carbon. As our model incorporates all biome types, it highlights a crucial aspect of the ongoing REDD + debate: if restricted to forests, âcross-biome leakageâ would severely reduce REDD + effectiveness for climate change mitigation. If forests were protected from deforestation yet without measures to tackle the drivers of land-cover change, REDD + would only reduce 30 % of total emissions from land-cover change. Fifty-five percent of emissions reductions from forests would be compensated by increased emissions in other biomes. These results suggest that, although REDD + remains a very promising mitigation tool, implementation of complementary measures to reduce land demand is necessary to prevent this leakage
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