Investment in Next Generation Networks and the Role of Regulation: A Real Option Approach

The current regulatory debate in the telecommunications industry in Europe and elsewhere is dominated by the issue of if and how to regulate next generation networks (NGN) which operators plan to roll out in the near future. The crucial issue is whether an extension of current regulatory obligations onto future networks would hamper the investment by large European operators. The paper applies a real option model to explain the investment decision in next generation networks. One important result of the model is that regulation affects the investment decision only in the initial period when uncertainty is still very high. The real option model has been calibrated with parameters drawn from real data for a new entrant and from educated estimates for an established operator. Four different regulatory regimes and their impact on the timing of the investments have been simulated: a temporary regulatory holiday is shown to be an effective regulatory tool in order to induce immediate investments.real options; telecommunication; regulated industries; Next Generation Networks.

Investment in Next Generation Networks and the Role of Regulation: A Real Option Approach

The current regulatory debate in the telecommunications industry in Europe and elsewhere is dominated by the issue of if and how to regulate next generation networks (NGN) which operators plan to roll out in the near future. The crucial issue is whether an extension of current regulatory obligations onto future networks would hamper the investment by large European operators. The paper applies a real option model to explain the investment decision in next generation networks. One important result of the model is that regulation affects the investment decision only in the initial period when uncertainty is still very high. The real option model has been calibrated with parameters drawn from real data for a new entrant and from educated estimates for an established operator. Four different regulatory regimes and their impact on the timing of the investments have been simulated: a temporary regulatory holiday is shown to be an effective regulatory tool in order to induce immediate investments

"Delirium Day": A nationwide point prevalence study of delirium in older hospitalized patients using an easy standardized diagnostic tool

Background: To date, delirium prevalence in adult acute hospital populations has been estimated generally from pooled findings of single-center studies and/or among specific patient populations. Furthermore, the number of participants in these studies has not exceeded a few hundred. To overcome these limitations, we have determined, in a multicenter study, the prevalence of delirium over a single day among a large population of patients admitted to acute and rehabilitation hospital wards in Italy. Methods: This is a point prevalence study (called "Delirium Day") including 1867 older patients (aged 65 years or more) across 108 acute and 12 rehabilitation wards in Italian hospitals. Delirium was assessed on the same day in all patients using the 4AT, a validated and briefly administered tool which does not require training. We also collected data regarding motoric subtypes of delirium, functional and nutritional status, dementia, comorbidity, medications, feeding tubes, peripheral venous and urinary catheters, and physical restraints. Results: The mean sample age was 82.0 \ub1 7.5 years (58 % female). Overall, 429 patients (22.9 %) had delirium. Hypoactive was the commonest subtype (132/344 patients, 38.5 %), followed by mixed, hyperactive, and nonmotoric delirium. The prevalence was highest in Neurology (28.5 %) and Geriatrics (24.7 %), lowest in Rehabilitation (14.0 %), and intermediate in Orthopedic (20.6 %) and Internal Medicine wards (21.4 %). In a multivariable logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05), Activities of Daily Living dependence (OR 1.19, 95 % CI 1.12-1.27), dementia (OR 3.25, 95 % CI 2.41-4.38), malnutrition (OR 2.01, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), and use of antipsychotics (OR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.45-2.82), feeding tubes (OR 2.51, 95 % CI 1.11-5.66), peripheral venous catheters (OR 1.41, 95 % CI 1.06-1.87), urinary catheters (OR 1.73, 95 % CI 1.30-2.29), and physical restraints (OR 1.84, 95 % CI 1.40-2.40) were associated with delirium. Admission to Neurology wards was also associated with delirium (OR 2.00, 95 % CI 1.29-3.14), while admission to other settings was not. Conclusions: Delirium occurred in more than one out of five patients in acute and rehabilitation hospital wards. Prevalence was highest in Neurology and lowest in Rehabilitation divisions. The "Delirium Day" project might become a useful method to assess delirium across hospital settings and a benchmarking platform for future surveys

Infected pancreatic necrosis: outcomes and clinical predictors of mortality. A post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study

: The identification of high-risk patients in the early stages of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is critical, because it could help the clinicians to adopt more effective management strategies. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study to assess the association between clinical risk factors and mortality among adult patients with IPN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors of mortality. We identified 247 consecutive patients with IPN hospitalised between January 2019 and December 2020. History of uncontrolled arterial hypertension (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.135-15.882; aOR 4.245), qSOFA (p = 0.005; 95% CI 1.359-5.879; aOR 2.828), renal failure (p = 0.022; 95% CI 1.138-5.442; aOR 2.489), and haemodynamic failure (p = 0.018; 95% CI 1.184-5.978; aOR 2.661), were identified as independent predictors of mortality in IPN patients. Cholangitis (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.598-9.930; aOR 3.983), abdominal compartment syndrome (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.090-6.967; aOR 2.735), and gastrointestinal/intra-abdominal bleeding (p = 0.009; 95% CI 1.286-5.712; aOR 2.710) were independently associated with the risk of mortality. Upfront open surgical necrosectomy was strongly associated with the risk of mortality (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.912-7.442; aOR 3.772), whereas endoscopic drainage of pancreatic necrosis (p = 0.018; 95% CI 0.138-0.834; aOR 0.339) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.003; 95% CI 0.143-0.716; aOR 0.320) were found as protective factors. Organ failure, acute cholangitis, and upfront open surgical necrosectomy were the most significant predictors of mortality. Our study confirmed that, even in a subgroup of particularly ill patients such as those with IPN, upfront open surgery should be avoided as much as possible. Study protocol registered in ClinicalTrials.Gov (I.D. Number NCT04747990)

Apparatus super libros Decretalium

Ms. il·luminatTítol obtingut de la rúbrica (f. 5r)Col·lació: Pergamí, f. i (pergamí actual) + 365 + i (pergamí actual) ; reclams horitzontals cada 10 fulls ; signatures de quaderns ; foliació moderna a llapisComposició: Escrit a dos columnes a 53 líniesEscriptura: Gòtica textual cal·ligràfica. Notes marginals contemporànies del copista i d'altres mans posteriorsDecoració: Les caplletres dels cinc llibres que consta l'obra miniades en or i colors, la del tercer llibre representa un frare llegint; en la resta de les caplletres i en els calderons s'alternen tintes en vermell i en blau, així com als títols corrents; als marges i als intercolumnis hom troba algunes manículesEnquadernació: Segle XVI. Pell sobre fusta amb ferros daurats indicant el nom de l'autor, títol ("Innocencii super Decretalium") i l'escut d'armes del Duc de Calàbria, així mateix hom ha fet servir els ferros freds per dissenyar sanefes decorant les cobertes. Hi manquen els fermalls originals. Restaurada en l'any 1971Origen: Escrit probablement a França a la primera meitat del segle XIVSignatura anterior: Ms. 390Signatura actual: València, Universitat de València. Biblioteca Històrica, BH Ms. 294En el f. 1r hom llegeix una possible nota de propietat ("Jacobi Arenes [...]")Catalogat des del manuscrit original. Lectura i identificació de textos pel Prof. Francisco M. Gimeno Blay; bibliografia, documentació i normalització per M. Cruz Cabeza Sánchez-Albornoz i Silvia Villaplana TraverEl còdex transcriu les següents obres: l' "Apparatus super libros Decretalium" del papa Innocenci IV (f. 5r-327r), la "Summa Innocentii abbreviata" de Guido de Collemedio, al final de la qual hom llegeix una "Additio" d'Oldradus da Ponte. Al començament (f. 1v-4r, 362v-365r) hom ha copiat les "Adiciones super lectura Innocencii" de Guido de Baysio. En la transcripció de les Decretals hom adverteix desordre textual en els f. 324r i 325r, que el copista adverteix a les rúbriques corresponents. La "Summa Innocentii abbreviata" presenta com a títol corrent: "Liber VI"1. f. 1v -4r; 362v-365r: "[text] Adde adic[i]ones Guidonis archi[diaconi] Bononien[sis] sup[er] lect[ur]a Innocencii cu[m] hiis q[ue] margi[n]al[i]t[er] apposita su[n]t i[n] lib[r]o p[er] q[ue] signa posita videbis q[ui]b[us] glo[ssis] apponi debe[n]t ... ; [f. 365r] curatum nisi diocesani auctoritate secundum Ostiensem qui super no[...] s[..] de clericis non residentibus quia nonnulli"2. f. 5r-118v: "[rúbr.] Incipit apparatus d[omi]ni Inocen[cii] quarti S[upe]r dec[retales]. [text] Legitur in Ezechiele III c[apitulo]: Venter tuus comedet et viscera tua [com]plebu[n]t[ur] volu[m]ine isto quod ego do tibi. Per ve[n]tre[m] qui escas recipit mens intelligitur que reru[m] ac script[ur]aru[m] ... [et] no[n] alt[er]ius no[n] val[et] [Digestum] e[odem] l[icet] et int[er]pellat[ur] § ult[imo]"3. f. 118v-206r: "[rúbr.] Incip[it] liber secu[n]d[us] De iuditiis r[ubric]a. [text] De quo vult D[e]o. Supple statutu[m] est ... h[e]c dict[i]o refert[ur] ad illam d[i]c[ti]onem quidam. Explicit liber s[e]c[un]d[u]s Innoce[ncii] IIII. Deo gr[ati]as"4. f. 206v: [en blanc5. f. 207r-268r: [liber tertius] "[rúbr.] De vita [et] hones[tate] cl[er]ico[rum]. [text] Ut layci su[pple] statui[mus] … [et] p[er] duos m[en]ses i[n] scolis h[u]i[us] q[ui] sint exco[mmun]icati. Explicit liber tercius Innoce[ncii] IIIIti. Deo gr[ati]as"6. f. 268r-279v: "[rúbr.] Incipit lib[er] IIII[us]. De spo[n]salib[us] [et] matrimoniis rubrica. [text] De Francia quida[m], [et] i[nfr]a lege, i[dest] [con]suetudi[n]e, utu[n]tur alias ... ad T[er]tull[ianum] o[mn]e[m] Aut[…] de nup[tiis] sin aut[em] tutel[lis]. Explicit liber quartus"7. f. 279v-327r: "[rúbr.] Incipit q[u]intus lib[er]. De acc[us]at[i]o[n]ib[us], i[n]q[u]isit[i]o[n]ib[us] [et] denu[n]ciat[i]o[n]ib[us] rubrica. ; [text: f. 280r] Si legitimus n[on] fatiget[ur] ut probet suam in[n]ocentiam n[is]i publica i[n]famia accusatus laboraret ... ; [f. 327r] s[upr]a de r[escri]p[tis] Cu[m] i[n] multis. Explicit apparatus d[omi]ni Innoce[ntii] IIIIti. D[e]o gr[acia]s"8. f. 327v-329v: [fulls originalment en blanc. En el f. 327v i 328r hom hi afegí anotacions posteriors9. f. 330r-361v: "[Guido de Collemedio, Summa Innocentii abbreviata] "[text] Ego Guido de Collemedio thesaurarius mormensis sepe considerans Innocencii pape quarti apparatum in Decretalibus editum per me esse valde proficuum ... quia non talliter excusatur de testamentis c. Cum jo. cu. Nullus. Explicit Sum[m]a mag[ist]ri Guidonis de Collem[e]dio"10. f. 361v-362r: "[rúbr.] Additio q[ue] co[mmun]it[er] no[n] h[ab]etur [et] h[ab]ui [sic] ab Innoce[ntio] do[min]i Oldradi. [text] Solet an[te] [sic] n[onnu]llis ... no[n] posse p[ro]bare q[uia] tu[n]c no[n] daret[ur] absol[uti]o, ut i[nfr]a sequitur. D[omi]n[u]s Oldrad[us]"Llat

La malattia che cura il teatro

Il volume nasce dall’incontro tra artisti, studiosi, critici e operatori, chiamati a raccolta da Antonio Viganò e dalla sua compagnia Teatro La Ribalta – Accademia Arte della diversità di Bolzano, con lo scopo di avviare un confronto sul teatro, rispondendo a un ribaltamento della prospettiva: non il teatro che cura le ferite, ma «La malattia che cura il teatro». L’attenzione si concentra su pratiche, percorsi e pensieri di quanti provano a cambiare i codici del teatro, facendone un elemento di rinnovamento non solo artistico, ma soprattutto umano. Si tratta di strade che muovono dall’incontro con l’Altro e con la differenza, osteggiando la dittatura dell’Uguale e del Normale, scardinando regole e prassi consolidate. Dai contributi dei numerosi autori (Piergiorgio Giacchè, Guido Di Palma, Fabrizio Fiaschini, Stefano Masotti, Oliviero Ponte di Pino, Susanne Hartwig, Andrea Porcheddu, Alessandro Garzella, Alessandro Argnani, Rosita Volani, Thomas Emmenegger, Michela Lucenti, Gianfranco Berardi e Gabriella Casolari, Gianluigi Gherzi, Ugo Morelli), emergono testimonianze e riflessioni su quel che si fa e quel che si potrebbe (ancora) fare